For the rationale behind the powder steel heat treatment modes, quantitative data on austenite decomposition kinetics are required. Gaining these data experimentally for different values of porosity ...is a quite difficult and laborious process. In this article an approach, based on appliance of simulation to evaluation of porosity effect on austenite decomposition kinetics and constructing of isothermal and kinetic diagrams for powder steel by calculation, is proposed. Adaptability of the shown models to predict the transformation kinetics was verified on carbon steel (0.8% C) with different porosity and steel PK45N2 (0.45% C, 2% Ni) with different porosity.
Various legume plants form root nodules in which symbiotic bacteria (rhizobia) fix atmospheric nitrogen after differentiation into a symbiotic form named bacteroids. In some legume species, bacteroid ...differentiation is promoted by defensin-like nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides. NCR peptides have best been studied in the model legume
Medicago truncatula
Gaertn., while in many other legumes relevant information is still fragmentary. Here, we characterize the NCR gene family in pea (
Pisum sativum
L.) using genomic and transcriptomic data. We found 360 genes encoding NCR peptides that are expressed in nodules. The sequences of pea NCR genes and putative peptides are highly variable and differ significantly from NCR sequences of
M. truncatula
. Indeed, only one pair of orthologs (
PsNCR47
–
MtNCR312
) has been identified. The NCR genes in the pea genome are located in clusters, and the expression patterns of NCR genes from one cluster tend to be similar. These data support the idea of independent evolution of NCR genes by duplication and diversification in related legume species. We also described spatiotemporal expression profiles of NCRs and identified specific transcription factor (TF) binding sites in promoters of “early” and “late” NCR genes. Further, we studied the expression of NCR genes in nodules of Fix
–
mutants and predicted potential regulators of NCR gene expression, one among them being the TF ERN1 involved in the early steps of nodule organogenesis. In general, this study contributes to understanding the functions of NCRs in legume nodules and contributes to understanding the diversity and potential antibiotic properties of pea nodule-specific antimicrobial molecules.
Gene expression data from microarrays are being applied to predict preclinical and clinical endpoints, but the reliability of these predictions has not been established. In the MAQC-II project, 36 ...independent teams analyzed six microarray data sets to generate predictive models for classifying a sample with respect to one of 13 endpoints indicative of lung or liver toxicity in rodents, or of breast cancer, multiple myeloma or neuroblastoma in humans. In total, >30,000 models were built using many combinations of analytical methods. The teams generated predictive models without knowing the biological meaning of some of the endpoints and, to mimic clinical reality, tested the models on data that had not been used for training. We found that model performance depended largely on the endpoint and team proficiency and that different approaches generated models of similar performance. The conclusions and recommendations from MAQC-II should be useful for regulatory agencies, study committees and independent investigators that evaluate methods for global gene expression analysis.
To approve heat treatment of steel modes, quantitative data on austenite decomposition are required. Gaining these data experimentally appears to be extremely complicated. In present work, few ...approaches to simulate the phase transformation process are proposed considering structure characteristics of powder steels. Results of comparative analysis of these approaches are also given. Predicting the transformation kinetics by simulation is verified for PK40N2M (0.38% C, 2.10% Ni, 0.40% Mo) steel with 3% porosity and PK80 (0.80% C) steel with different porosity using published experimental data.
В статье с опорой на психологические теории сепарации-индивидуации и самодетерминации предлагается концептуализация понятия «самостоятельность» как независимости и волевого функционирования. ...Независимость - это способность действовать без помощи других людей, а волевое функционирование - поведение в соответствии с собственными ценностями и интересами. Эта теоретическая рамка нова для российского контекста и может использоваться в социальных исследованиях взросления, возрастных переходов и выстраивания жизненных траекторий. На материале 30 интервью с информантами в возрасте от 11 до 24 лет из мегаполисов, городов-миллионников, крупных и малых городов России в работе изучены представления о самостоятельности, а также практики ее реализации. Подростковый период и период становящейся взрослости были выбраны, потому что в это время появляется много возможностей для развития самостоятельности, но в то же время существует и много ограничений. Для анализа интервью использовался метод нарративного анализа Д. Хайлса, И. Чермака и В. Хрза в варианте кодирования «категории-содержание». Обнаружено, что представления информантов о самостоятельности практически не различаются: и подростки, и становящиеся взрослые в своих нарративах уделяют больше внимания независимости (поведенческой самостоятельности) на уровнях представлений и действий, реже обсуждая волевое функционирование, что указывает на социальную обусловленность независимости. С возрастом полюс волевого функционирования усиливается, хотя задачи, направленные на развитие независимости, по-прежнему остаются актуальными. У большинства подростков ведущую роль играет независимость, а волевое функционирование только начинает проявляться. В то же время у становящихся взрослых значительную роль в развитии самостоятельности играют социально-демографические факторы: у тех из них, кто проживает отдельно от родителей, переехал в другой город и/или вступил в брак, показатели независимости и волевого функционирования более высоки и взаимосвязаны. У тех, кто проживает с родителями, преобладает волевое функционирование, а их социализация происходит более постепенно в условиях помощи семьи в решении различных задач. Полученные результаты показывают релевантность рамки различения самостоятельности как независимости и волевого функционирования для указанных возрастов и позволяют углубить представления о становлении самостоятельности, выделяя их взаимосвязанное или изолированное развитие в разных социально-психологических ситуациях.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is probably the most studied one in history from both clinical and molecular-epidemiological perspectives. Nonetheless, data on the correlation ...between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral genotypes and COVID-19 symptoms caused by them are still scarce. In this report, we present a moderately severe COVID-19 case in a healthcare worker in Moscow, Russia, supplemented with the data on its causative agent's phenotype regarding
and full-genome characterization. The 44-year-old male healthcare worker who had frequent professional contacts with COVID-19 patients was hospitalized with a viral pneumonia diagnosis and soon started to exhibit fever, dry paroxysmal cough, loss of smell, and typical ground-glass opacities found in both lungs on chest CT scans. The COVID-19 diagnosis was verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunochromatography, and immunochemiluminescent assays. The patient was treated with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, paracetamol, and enoxaparin, leading to his recovery after two weeks from the disease onset. The virus was successfully isolated from the nasopharyngeal swab sample taken on the fifth day of the disease onset using the Vero E6 cell line and exhibited a pronounced cytopathic effect (CPE) with a viral titer reaching 10
TCID
/ml in the cell culture medium. The full genome sequence of the viral isolate was obtained and 8 nucleotide and 5 amino acid mutations compared to the Wuhan-Hu-1 reference genome were identified. Viral isolate belonged to GR / 20B / B.1.1 genetic lineage (GISAID, Nextstrain, Pangolin nomenclatures, respectively) - the most prevalent genotype found in Russia to date.
Penetration of pegylated (enveloped in polyethylene glycol) gold nanoparticles 5 and 30 nm in diameter through the placental barrier was studied in pregnant rats injected intravenously with these ...particles in a dose of about 0.8 mg Au/kg on day 10 of gestation. The particles were visualized in tissues by silver nitrate autometallography; the total content of gold in the fetuses was evaluated by atomic adsorption spectroscopy. Gold nanoparticles were detected in the fetal liver macrophages and in the spleens; high total content of gold in the fetuses was demonstrated for particles of both sizes. The data suggest that gold nanoparticles penetrate through rat placental barrier
in vivo
. No morphological changes were detected in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and brain of fetuses.
To determine the best heat treatment of steel, thermokinetic diagrams of austenite decomposition are required. Experimental determination of those diagrams is extremely difficult. In the present ...work, a model of the phase transitions is proposed; the model takes account of the structure of powder steel. A method is developed for computer experiments with steel cooling. The proposed model permits the determination of the kinetic parameters of austenite decomposition on the basis of isothermal diagrams for two values of the steel porosity. By that means, the transformation kinetics in this steel may be predicted for other values of the porosity, both in isothermal conditions and in continuous cooling. The model is verified for У8 and ПК80 steel with different porosity, by means of published experimental data.
An integrated model of phase transformations is proposed, which unites the model of changes in the temperature fields of the workpiece during welding and subsequent cooling, as well as a simulation ...model of phase transformations that occur during cooling of the steel. The developed method allows predicting the amount of residual δ-ferrite in the structure of the weld of austenitic stainless steel, which is necessary to justify the welding conditions.
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