The content of adipokines, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were studied in adipocytes isolated from epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue of 24 coronary heart disease patients. The content ...of leptin and soluble leptin receptor in adipocytes of epicardial adipose tissue was higher by 28.6 and 56.9% and the level of adiponectin was lower by 33% than in adipocytes of the subcutaneous fat. In culture of epicardial adipocytes, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1 were higher. Subcutaneous adipose tissue adipocytes were characterized by higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and FGF-β. In epicardial adipocytes of coronary heart disease patients, the concentrations of leptin, TNF-α, and IL-1 were higher, while the levels of defense regulatory molecules (adiponectin, IL-10, and FGF-β) were lower than in subcutaneous adipocytes.
Obesity is closely associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and heart failure. Adipose tissue (AT) is identified as a ...complex endocrine organ, with a wide range of regulatory functions at the cellular, tissue and systemic levels. Various terms, including paracardiac, epicardial and pericardial, are used to describe the fatty deposits surrounding the heart. Among all the fat depots, perivascular AT (PVAT) is of great biological significance for the cardiovascular system due to its anatomical proximity to the vessels. Recent studies have shown the presence of a complex, bidirectional paracrine and vasocardial signaling system between the vascular wall and PVAT. In the review, we will discuss the biological role of PVAT in both the physiological state and cardiovascular pathology, emphasizing its dual proatherogenic and antiatherogenic role. Let us consider PVAT as a target for various therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases. We will also analyze data on the role of non-invasive techniques as a diagnostic tool for assessing coronary artery inflammation.
The work was aimed to evaluate the immunophenotype of adipose tissue stem cells isolated from epicardial and perivascular fat depots in patients with coronary heart disease and acquired heart ...disease. In cell culture obtained from epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) (second passage) of patients with both coronary heart disease and acquired heart disease, there was a high (over 90%) expression of membrane proteins characteristic of stem cells. In addition to a major cell population, the two minor were found both in EAT and in PVAT cell cultures: (1) CD90
–
, CD105
+
, CD34
–/+
, CD73
+
, CD45
–
(putative endothelial), and (2) CD90
+
, CD105
–
, CD34
–
, CD73
–
, CD45
–
(the smallest). Thus, at early stages of cultivation, mesenchymal cells of the stromal vascular fraction isolated from EAT and PVAT express surface markers characteristic of adipose tissue stem cells.
Aim.
To evaluate the prevalence of leptin resistance (LR) and its clinical and prognostic value in association with metabolic disorders and features of the proinflammatory state in the hospital ...period of myocardial infarction.
Materials and methods.
The study included 114 men diagnosed with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). On day 1 and 12 of MI, the levels of leptin and leptin receptor were measured in patients, and the free leptin index (FLI) was calculated. Leptin resistance (LR) was recorded at leptin > 6.45 ng / ml and FLI > 25. A comparative analysis of clinical and anamnestic characteristics, biochemical parameters, and cardiovascular prognosis was carried out between patients with and without LR. Statistical data processing was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 software package and SPSS 17.0 for Windows
.
Results.
The prevalence of LR in the hospital period of MI was 64%. LR was associated with cardiovascular pathology in the family history, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. The presence of LR was accompanied by a significant increase in the level of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), and interleukin (IL)-6 on day 1 of MI and by a significant rise in insulin, C-peptide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) throughout the hospital stay. Patients with LR were characterized by multi-vessel and more severe lesions of the coronary bed and were more often subject to early post-infarction angina, recurrent MI, rhythm and conduction disturbances during hospital stay for MI.
Conclusion.
Patients with MI are characterized by high prevalence of LR during the hospital stay. LR is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic disorders, formation of insulin resistance, and increased proinflammatory and prothrombogenic factors. The identified features in the presence of LR probably contribute to the development of adverse cardiovascular events in the hospital period of MI.
A pectic polysaccharide was isolated from the rhizomes of
Acorus calamus L. The main component of its carbohydrate chain was represented by residues of D-galacturonic acid (>
85%). In addition, this ...polysaccharide contained residues of galactose, arabinose, xylose and rhamnose (<
10%). Structural analysis of pectic polysaccharide from
A
.
calamus L. with NMR spectroscopy indicated that it contains the regions of a linear 1,4-α-D-galactopyranosyluronan, which represents a major component of the macromolecule. A considerable amount of galacturonic acid residues was not methoxylated. We demonstrate here that the pectic polysaccharide from
A. calamus L. in low concentrations was able to stimulate in vitro IL-12 and nitric oxide production by murine macrophages. It also induced TNF-α secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, reduced arginase activity but did not affect IL-10 secretion by murine macrophages or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The IL-12 and NO-stimulating effects on murine macrophages were similar to that of LPS. In addition, the polysaccharide promoted in vivo Th1 immune response in mice which were immunized with sheep red blood cells (DTH and quantity of plaque-forming cells) and down regulated serum level of IgG1 and IgЕ during Th2-depend immune response induced by ovalbumin. The PS increased Th1-induced edema and suppressed Th2-induced paw swelling in adoptive systems.
Our results suggest that the pectic polysaccharide from
A. calamus L. represents a promising immunomodulating agent that stimulates M1-polarized macrophages and promotes Th1-oriented adaptive immune response. We propose that this polysaccharide could be potentially applied for treatment of infectious, oncological diseases or for immunoglobulin-E-mediated disorders.
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