This study represents the most recent epidemiologic trends of head and neck cancer (HNC) in the United States. It provides an important discussion on oropharyngeal cancer and cancers related to the ...human papillomavirus. The objective was to identify trends in HNC (2002 to 2012) within the United States.
This study is a retrospective analysis of the US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) submission. Using the November 2014 submission of the SEER database and SEER-18 data files, data from 2002 to 2012 were analyzed to determine the most recent epidemiologic trends. HNCs of all subtypes were analyzed together. Laryngeal cancers were further analyzed separately. Oropharyngeal cancers of the base of tongue and tonsil were analyzed independently to attempt to trend HPV-related cancers.
From 2002 to 2012, there were 149,301 cases of HNC recorded in the SEER database. The HNC rate decreased by 0.22% per year (P = .0549) and the rate of laryngeal cancer decreased by 1.9% per year (P < .0001). The rate of oropharyngeal (HPV-related) cancer increased by 2.5% per year (P < .0001). HNC rates increased significantly in Kentucky and Connecticut and decreased in California (P < .05). HPV-related cancers increased significantly in all states except Georgia, Hawaii, and Michigan (P < .05). Laryngeal cancer rates decreased in California, Georgia, New Jersey, and New Mexico (P < .05).
The overall incidence of HNC is decreasing in the United States. There is an increasing incidence of HPV-related cancers of the oropharynx. Meaningful differences in cancer incidence and rate of change exist between men and women. Furthermore, younger groups have a greater decrease of overall HNC, with an overall increase in HPV-related cancer in patients older than 50 years.
Surgical treatment for thyroid carcinoma invading the trachea often involves circumferential tracheal resection and primary tracheal repair. This procedure involves a significant risk of anastomotic ...breakdown. We present a novel approach to cricotracheal repair using an SCM flap bolster designed to reduce the risk of anastomotic complications.
Laryngoscope, 133:3228–3231, 2023
Summary Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandible is a significant complication of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. In this condition, bone within the radiation field becomes devitalized ...and exposed through the overlying skin or mucosa, persisting as a non-healing wound for three months or more. In 1926, Ewing first recognized the bone changes associated with radiation therapy and described them as “radiation osteitis”. In 1983, Marx proposed the first staging system for ORN that also served as a treatment protocol. This protocol advocated that patients whose disease progressed following conservative therapy (hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), local wound care, debridement) were advanced to a radical resection with a staged reconstruction utilizing a non-vascularized bone graft. Since the introduction of Marx’s protocol, there have been advances in surgical techniques (i.e. microvascular surgery), as well as in imaging techniques, which have significantly impacted on the diagnosis and management of ORN. High resolution CT scans and orthopantamograms have become a key component in evaluating and staging ORN, prior to formulating a treatment plan. Patients can now be stratified based on imaging and clinical findings, and treatment can be determined based on the stage of disease, rather than determining the stage of disease based on a patient’s response to a standardized treatment protocol. Reconstructions are now routinely performed immediately after resection of the diseased tissue rather than in a staged fashion. Furthermore, the transfer of well-vascularized hard and soft tissue using microvascular surgery have brought the utility of HBO treatment in advanced ORN into question.
The purpose of this study was to describe the trends pertaining to the use of the fibula free flap for mandibular reconstruction during the past 10 years.
A systematic review for publications on the ...fibula free flap in mandibular reconstruction in the PubMed and Scopus databases was performed from January 1, 2005 until December 31, 2014. Publications were classified by topic, number of patients, and country of origin. The study period was split into 2 periods. The first 5-year period was compared with the second 5-year period.
Eighty-five publications were identified. There was an increase in publications regarding restorative decision making (11 vs 9), surgical techniques (13 vs 6), outcomes (20 vs 10), and computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM; 8 vs 2) in the second 5-year period. The number of patients reported also increased in publications on surgical techniques (1,085 vs 59), outcomes (777 vs 254), bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and osteoradionecrosis (165 vs 28), and CAD-CAM (65 vs 15) in the second 5-year period. The United States, India, China, and Europe produced most of the publications.
In the past 10 years, there was a surge in publications on the use of the fibula free flap for mandibular reconstruction. There was a 1.8-fold increase in the number of publications and a 3.4-fold increase in the number of patients undergoing this method of mandibular reconstruction in the second 5-year period. Publications from the United States, India, and China contributed to a large increase in the number of patients in the second 5-year period. More interest in CAD-CAM technology was seen in the second 5-year period that was not seen in the first 5-year period.
Summary Reconstruction of the mandible has evolved significantly over the last 40 years. Early attempts were often disfiguring and wrought with complications but with the introduction of free tissue ...transfer of well vascularized bone in the 1970’s there was a significant improvement in outcomes. In recent years the harvest, inset, and microvascular anatomosis have been refined to the point that success rates are reported as high as 99% throughout the literature. Focus has now shifted to optimizing functional and aesthetic outcomes after mandible reconstruction. This paper will be a review defect classification, goals of reconstruction, the various donor sites, dental rehabilitation, new advances, and persistent problems. Reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects after ablative surgery is best accomplished using free tissue transfer to restore mandibular continuity and function. Reestablishing occlusion and optimizing tongue mobility are important to post-operative oral function. Persistent problems in oro-mandibular reconstruction relate to the effects of radiation treatment on the native tissue and include xerostomia, dysgeusia, osteoradionecrosis and trismus. These problems continue to plague the oral cancer patient despite the significant advances that allow a far more complete functional restoration than could be accomplished a mere two decades ago.
Background
Palatomaxillary defects were historically restored with a prosthetic obturator; however, advances in local and free tissue transfer has provided a viable alternative for appropriately ...selected patients with palatomaxillary defects.
Methods
A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent palatomaxillary reconstruction by the lead author between 1998 and 2016 was conducted. Patients who were restored with a palatal obturator were excluded.
Results
One hundred forty patients were reconstructed with a total of 159 local, regional, and free flaps with a 96.7% success rate. Seventy‐four patients (52.8%) underwent prosthodontic rehabilitation, with 183 implants placed and an 86% success rate.
Conclusion
Palatomaxillary reconstruction applying a systematic approach, using a multitude of techniques, is a safe and effective way to restore patients without compromising the ability to maintain surveillance. Prosthodontic rehabilitation can be achieved in a high percentage of patients using dental implants, leading to optimal aesthetic and functional results.
Struma ovarii is an unusual ovarian teratoma containing predominantly thyroid tissue. Less than 10% of cases undergo malignant transformation in the thyroid tissue and are considered malignant struma ...ovarii (MSO). MSO have been reported with concurrent thyroid lesions, but molecular data is lacking.
A 42-year-old female developed MSO and synchronous multifocal subcentimeter papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The patient underwent a salpingo-oophrectomy, thyroidectomy, and low-dose radioactive iodine ablation. Both the thyroid subcentimeter PTC and MSO were positive for BRAF V600E mutation, and microRNA expression profiles were similar across all tumor deposits. However, only the malignant component demonstrated extensive loss of heterozygosity (LOH) involving multiple tumor suppressor gene (TSG) chromosomal loci.
We present the first reported case of MSO with synchronous multifocal subcentimeter PTC in the thyroid containing concordant BRAF V600E mutations and resulting with discordant LOH findings. This data suggests that loss of expression in tumor suppressor gene(s) may be an important contributor to phenotypic expression of malignancy.
To analyze the impact of resection margin status and histologic prognosticators on local recurrence (LR) and overall survival (OS) for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study ...was both retrospective and prospective in design. Cohort 1 refers to the entire group of 292 patients with OSCC. The slides from the earliest resection specimens from Cohort 1 were examined in an exploratory manner for multiple parameters. Cohort 2 refers to a subset of 203 patients, who did not receive any neoadjuvant therapy and had outcome data. Cohort 3 represents a subset of Cohort 2 (n = 168) wherein the histologic resection margin status could be reconfirmed. Cohort 4 refers a subset of 85 patients with tongue/floor of mouth tumors. Margin status was designated as follows: group 1, clearance of > or =5 mm with intraoperative analysis, no need for supplemental margins (n = 46); group 2, initial margins were measured as <5 mm during intraoperative frozen section; supplemental resection margins were negative on final pathology (n = 73); group 3, the final pathology revealed resection margins <5 mm (n = 30); group 4, the final pathology revealed frankly positive resection margins (n = 19). The endpoints of LR and OS were queried with respect to T stage, tumor site, margin status, and numerous histologic variables, by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Tumor stage (T) was significantly associated with LR (P = 0.028). Kaplan-Meier analysis for stage and for intraoral site was significantly associated with LR for T4 tumors. The increased likelihood of LR was higher for T4 OSCC of the buccal mucosa (75%), sinopalate (50%), and gingiva (100%) compared with mobile tongue (27%), and oropharynx (13%) (P = 0.013). Margin status was not associated with LR or OS (Cohort 3). This was so when all tumors were grouped together and when separate analyses were performed by tumor stage and oral subsite. No significance was demonstrated when margin status was examined for patients with similar treatment (surgery alone or surgery with adjuvant RT). However, the administration of adjuvant RT did significantly increase local disease-free survival (P = 0.0027 and P = 0.001 for T1 and T2 SCC, respectively). On exploratory analyses of histologic parameters, worst pattern of invasion was significantly associated with LR (P = 0.015) and OS (P < 0.001). Perineural invasion involving large nerves (>1 mm) was associated with LR (P = 0.005) and OS (P = 0.039). Limited lymphocytic response was also significantly associated with LR (P = 0.005) and OS (P = 0.001). When used as covariates in a multivariate Cox regression model, worst pattern of invasion, perineural invasion, and lymphocytic response were significant and independent predictors of both LR and OS, even when adjusting for margin status. Thus, these factors were used to generate our risk assessment. Our risk assessment classified patients into low-, intermediate-, or high-risk groups, with respect to LR (P = 0.0004) and OS (P < 0.0001). This classification retained significance when examining patients with uniform treatment. In separate analyses for each risk group, we found that administration of adjuvant radiation therapy is associated with increased local disease-free survival for high-risk patients only (P = 0.0296) but not low-risk or intermediate-risk patients. Resection margin status alone is not an independent predictor of LR and cannot be the sole variable in the decision-making process regarding adjuvant radiation therapy. We suggest that the recommendation for adjuvant radiation therapy be based on, not only traditional factors (inadequate margin, perineural invasion, bone invasion) but also histologic risk assessment. If clinicians want to avoid the debilitation of adjuvant radiation therapy, then a 5-mm margin standard may not be effective in the presence of high-risk score.
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