Salmonellosis is a bacterial zoonosis causing an array of health conditions. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) has a discrete adaptation to certain animals; in poultry, pullorum and fowl typhoid are ...its primary disease manifestations. The diseases are prevalent in Nigerian poultry and have been well-studied in Nigeria, but less so in North Central Nigeria (NCN). Using field sampling, laboratory methods and a semi-structured questionnaire for 1000 poultry farms in NCN, we explored the incidence and risk factors for the persistence of NTS infection in poultry. Approximately 41.6% of the farms had experienced NTS over the last 18 months. Farm experience of NTS moderately predicted awareness of salmonellosis. Increasing stock in smallholder farms, self-mixing of concentrate on the farm, usage of stream water, pen odour, non-adherence and partial adherence of farms to recommended poultry vaccination against pullorum and fowl typhoid and lack of and non-adherence to biosecurity were identified risk factors that increased the odds of NTS infection in poultry. Antibiotic use practice may have reduced the isolation rate of NTS, yet NTS continues to challenge poultry farms in Nigeria. Identified risk practices must be mitigated intentionally and biosecurity and hygiene must be improved to reduce the burden of NTS.
The non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is a pathogenic bacterial zoonosis with substantial but often under-appreciated public health impacts. The NTS is prevalent in poultry and humans in Nigeria, yet ...its economic and social burden have not been determined through any empirical study. To bridge the gap, we evaluated the impact of NTS in social and economic terms.
Relevant population, economic and epidemiological data were retrieved from peer-reviewed publications, open sources and relevant authorities. Additional data were obtained through experts' opinions and field surveys. Using a customized and validated Microsoft Excel® tool, economic analysis was conducted.
Using the year 2020 reference point, the burden of NTS was 325,731 cases and a total of 1043 human deaths, at a disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) of 37,321. The cost associated with infection in humans was US$ 473,982,068. A total loss of US$ 456,905,311 was estimated in poultry including the direct value of animal loss, US$ 224,236,769, loss from salvage slaughter and culling, US$ 220,386,556, and value of foregone production, US$ 12,281,987.
The outcomes of this important work provide empirical evidence to support informed decisions and investments in the control and eradication of human and poultry salmonellosis (NTS) in Nigeria.
This study examined usage of helmet among commercial motorcyclists in Ilorin, Nigeria. Simple random sampling was used to select 120 motorcyclists, who were surveyed with a structured questionnaire. ...Descriptive statistics, including percentages and mean scores were used to analyse the data. Results showed that only 14.2% of the riders fully abide with the helmet law. High mean scores of 3.81 and 3.32 for ‘helmet usage is important’ and ‘helmet prevents head injury’ respectively, however showed that most riders are aware of the protective role of crash helmets. It is recommended that there should be stricter enforcement of the helmet law.
Lagos city has abundant navigable inland waterways which if fully harnessed would help minimise road traffic congestion, pollution and provide low cost means of long distance travel within the city. ...This study examines inland water transport services on Lagos lagoon focusing on Ikorodu-Ebutte Ero route. Primary data were obtained using structured questionnaires. While, secondary data were sourced from relevant government and private agencies. Data were analysed using descriptive techniques including frequency counts, tables and graphs. The results revealed an inadequate provision of terminal facilities and vessels in the area. It was also found that most (67.3%) of the trips via water transport in the were mainly for work purpose. In addition, low patronage was observed and it was found to be mostly due to comparatively high cost of fares and passenger safety concerns, as indicated by 67.4% and 58.7% of the respondents respectively. Furthermore, high income earners where found to patronise this mode than low income earners. The high frequency of use of water transport by the respondents (71.3% travel by water every day) indicates that, this mode has great potential of being widely adopted, if greater attention is given to its development by both the government and private sector. There is, therefore, a need for more investment in water transportation in the area through the provision of modern infrastructure and vessels.
Keywords: urban mobility; inland waterways; transport services; sustainable transportation; integrated transport.
Copyright (c) 2020 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
Heavy metals can pose health risks to both animals and humans. Objectives. To determine the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) in samples taken from the kidney, liver, ...muscle, hide, and blood of camels slaughtered at both Sokoto and Gusau modern abattoirs.
The concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr in tissues and organs of camels slaughtered at both Sokoto and Gusau modern abattoirs were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A total of 120 samples were collected.
All the samples collected tested positive for Pb, Cd and Cr. The overall mean concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr in tissues and organs of slaughtered camels at Sokoto modern abattoir ranged from 0.11 mg/kg to 0.35 mg/kg, 0.05 to 0.8 mg/kg and 0.41 to 0.59 mg/kg, respectively, while at Gusau modern abattoir, the overall mean concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr ranged from 0.20 mg/kg to 1.17 mg/kg, 0.01 to 0.14 mg/kg and 0.13 to 0.51 mg/kg, respectively.
The concentration of Pb in the tissues and organs of camels slaughtered at Gusau modern abattoir was high compared to in camels slaughtered at Sokoto modern abattoir, while the concentrations of Cd and Cr in the tissues and organs of camels slaughtered at Sokoto modern abattoir were high compared to those in tissues and organs of camels slaughtered at Gusau modern abattoir. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the concentration of Pb, Cd, and Cr in samples taken from the kidney, liver, muscle, hide, and blood of slaughtered camels at both Sokoto and Gusau.
Camels slaughtered at both Sokoto and Gusau modern abattoirs were exposed to Pb, Cd, and Cr.The tissues and organs of camels slaughtered at both Sokoto and Gusau contain Pb, Cd, and Cr. Prolonged exposure through consumption of these tissues and organs should be avoided.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Abstract Background The aim of our study is to determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in relation to arthroscopic findings in patients presenting with chronic ankle pain ...and/or instability. Methods All patients who underwent arthroscopy of the ankle as well as MRI from December 2005 to July 2008 in our institution were reviewed by the Orthopaedic surgeons. Twenty-four patients were identified and the results of MRI scans were compared with arthroscopic findings. This study specifically looked at anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) and osteochondral lesions (OCD). Arthroscopic findings were considered as a gold standard. There were 12 female and 12 male patients with an average age 39 years (11–65 years). Time interval between MRI scan and arthroscopy was 7.0 months (2–18 months). Results In our study MRI showed 100% specificity for the diagnosis of ATFL and CFL tears and osteochondral lesions. However sensitivity was low particularly for CFL tears. Accuracy of MRI in detecting ATFL tear was 91.7%, CFL tear was 87.5% and osteochondral lesion was 83.3%. Coclusions We conclude that MRI scan has very high specificity and positive predictive value in diagnosing tears of ATFL, CFL and osteochondral lesions. However sensitivity was low with MRI. In a symptomatic patient negative results on MRI must be viewed with caution and an arthroscopy may still be required for a definitive diagnosis and treatment. However high resolution scans may differ in their ability to pick up these lesions and further research is required to assess their efficiency as evidence is not currently available.
To what extent the COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures influenced mental health in the general population is still unclear.
To assess the trajectory of mental health symptoms during the ...first year of the pandemic and examine dose-response relations with characteristics of the pandemic and its containment.
Relevant articles were identified from the living evidence database of the COVID-19 Open Access Project, which indexes COVID-19-related publications from MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase via Ovid, and PsycInfo. Preprint publications were not considered.
Longitudinal studies that reported data on the general population's mental health using validated scales and that were published before 31 March 2021 were eligible.
An international crowd of 109 trained reviewers screened references and extracted study characteristics, participant characteristics, and symptom scores at each timepoint. Data were also included for the following country-specific variables: days since the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the stringency of governmental containment measures, and the cumulative numbers of cases and deaths.
In a total of 43 studies (331 628 participants), changes in symptoms of psychological distress, sleep disturbances, and mental well-being varied substantially across studies. On average, depression and anxiety symptoms worsened in the first 2 months of the pandemic (standardized mean difference at 60 days, -0.39 95% credible interval, -0.76 to -0.03); thereafter, the trajectories were heterogeneous. There was a linear association of worsening depression and anxiety with increasing numbers of reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and increasing stringency in governmental measures. Gender, age, country, deprivation, inequalities, risk of bias, and study design did not modify these associations.
The certainty of the evidence was low because of the high risk of bias in included studies and the large amount of heterogeneity. Stringency measures and surges in cases were strongly correlated and changed over time. The observed associations should not be interpreted as causal relationships.
Although an initial increase in average symptoms of depression and anxiety and an association between higher numbers of reported cases and more stringent measures were found, changes in mental health symptoms varied substantially across studies after the first 2 months of the pandemic. This suggests that different populations responded differently to the psychological stress generated by the pandemic and its containment measures.
Swiss National Science Foundation. (PROSPERO: CRD42020180049).
PDF
