A
bstract
We discuss the measurements of the anomalous triple gauge couplings at Large Hadron Collider focusing on the contribution of the
O
3
W
and
O
3
W
˜
operators. These deviations were known to ...be particularly hard to measure due to their suppressed interference with the SM amplitudes in the inclusive processes, leading to approximate flat directions in the space of these Wilson coefficients. We present the prospects for the measurements of these interactions at HL-LHC and HE-LHC using exclusive variables sensitive to the interference terms and taking carefully into account effects appearing due to NLO QCD corrections.
A
bstract
Finding better ways to prove the Standard Model Effective Field Theory is a very important direction of research. This paper focuses on measurements of Electroweak triple gauge couplings, ...paying special attention on the regime of validity of the Effective Field Theory (EFT). In this regard, one of our goals is to find measurements leading to a large increase of the interference between the SM amplitude and the contribution of irrelevant operators in the EFT. We propose two such distributions that will lead to a better accuracy. Improvements compared to the traditional methods as well as LHC high luminosity prospects are discussed.
Thinned stone fruits are a source of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds Redondo, Diego; Arias, Esther; Oria, Rosa ...
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture/Journal of the science of food and agriculture,
February 2017, 2017-Feb, 2017-02-00, 20170201, Letnik:
97, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Thinned fruits are agricultural by-products which nowadays have few economic or environmental benefits. However, previous studies have revealed that these immature fruits have a large amount of ...antioxidant compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pulsed electric fields (PEF) might be a suitable green technology for enhancing the extraction of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant compounds from fresh thinned peaches, thus reducing the use of methanol. Moreover, response surface methodology has been used to determine the optimal PEF treatment conditions, observing that the solvent is the main factor. The highest amounts of bioactive compounds were extracted using 80% methanol and no PEF. Methanol combined with PEF produced a negative effect on the extraction yield. However, the use of water as a solvent increased the amount of total bioactive compounds and individual phenols (chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid and neochlorogenic acid). Thus, PEF-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from thinned peach fruits using water as a solvent is an alternative to conventional extraction methods which require dried products, large amounts of organic solvents and long extraction times.
•Solvent is the main factor for extraction of bioactive compounds from thinned fruits•Application of PEF is very effective when water is used as solvent•PEF extraction of phenol compounds stands as a green alternative to conventional ones
•Pesticide removal varies with the treatment used and the target substance.•Chlorine dioxide significantly reduced tebuconazole residues.•Photocatalysis significantly reduced iprodione, microbiota ...and disease incidence.•Electrolyzed water decreased the superficial microbiota to undetectable counts.
Concerns about chemicals and pesticides in food plants have increased dramatically during the last decade. Following stricter legislation and studies about toxicity and human health risks, new ways of reducing toxic residues are urgently required. In this study, oxidizing agents such as electrolyzed water (EW), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and photocatalysis have been used during the postharvest phase in order to remove the residues of cyprodinil, tebuconazole and iprodione from the surface of peaches, nectarines and apricots. Moreover, the disinfection capability of these agents has also been tested as an alternative to sodium hypochlorite. Our results show that pesticide removal from stone fruits by oxidizing technologies significantly varies depending on the treatment used and the target substance. ClO2 significantly reduced tebuconazole residues from all the fruits (by more than 60%) and photocatalysis similarly reduced iprodione residues (between 50 and 70%). However, EW achieved a percentage of residue reduction similar to that of tap water, never exceeded 40%. In contrast, EW reduced the superficial microbiota to undetectable counts, also decreasing the percentage of rotted fruit from 32 to 7%. Photocatalysis produced similar results since it was able to decrease the microorganisms present on the fruit surface by nearly 2 log units and the incidence of disease by 50%. It was concluded that a strategy combining photocatalysis treatment during cold storage to reduce pesticide residues and spoilage microorganisms with electrolyzed water washing to reduce any remaining microbial contamination prior to commercialization will substantially reduce disease and ensure the safety of stone fruits for human consumption.
The biocontrol potential of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BUZ-14 was tested against the main postharvest diseases of orange, apple, grape and stone fruit. After characterizing the temperature ...and pH growth curves of strain BUZ-14, its in vitro antifungal activity was determined against Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, Penicillium digitatum, P. expansum and P. italicum. Subsequently, in vivo activity was tested against these pathogens by treating fruit with cells, endospores and cell-free supernatants. The in vitro results showed that BUZ-14 inhibited the growth of all the pathogens tested corresponding to the least susceptible species, P. italicum, and the most susceptible, M. laxa. In vivo tests corroborated these results as most of the treatments decreased the incidence of brown rot in stone fruit from 100% to 0%, establishing 107 CFU mL−1 as the minimum inhibitory concentration. For the Penicillium species a preventive treatment inhibited P. digitatum and P. italicum growth in oranges and reduced P. expansum incidence in apples from 100% to 20%. Finally, it has been demonstrated that BUZ-14 was able to survive and to control brown rot in peaches stored at cool temperatures, making it a very suitable biocontrol agent for application during the post-harvest storage and marketing of horticultural products.
•Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BUZ-14 inhibited major postharvest rots in fruits.•Preventive treatments were effective against Penicillium spp. in oranges and apples.•B. amyloliquefaciens exhibited a curative effect against brown rot in stone fruits.•BUZ-14 survived at cool temperatures making it suitable for postharvest treatment.
402 samples of 22 species of cultivated and wild fresh mushrooms sold in retail markets and supermarkets in Zaragoza (Spain) were studied to quantify their microbial load (mesophilic aerobic ...microorganisms, Pseudomonas genus, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, total and thermotolerant coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, yeasts and moulds) and to investigate the presence of E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica. The total microbial counts ranged from 4.4 to 9.4 log cfu/g, the genus Pseudomonas being the most prevalent with counts from 3.7 to 9.3 log cfu/g and Auricularia auricula-judae the species with the highest microbial load (9.4 log cfu/g). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were detected between mean counts of wild and cultivated species in all the microbial groups studied. The microbiological safety level of the cultivated mushrooms was excellent since no pathogens were isolated, and the microbial counts of indicator microorganisms were low, being detected in only half of the species. Salmonella spp, E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus were not isolated from any sample, Y. enterocolitica was detected in only four samples of wild mushrooms whereas twenty-six (6.5%) were positive for L. monocytogenes, their occurrence being relatively high in Calocybe gambosa (40%), Hygrophorus limacinus (40%) and Tuber indicum (100%). These results suggest that a strategy to reduce bacterial populations, and to improve the microbiological safety of some species of fresh mushrooms, should be investigated.
► Microbiological quality and safety of 22 species of cultivated and wild mushrooms. ► Microbial load was high and dominated by pseudomonads and Enterobacteriaceae. ► No pathogens were isolated from cultivated mushroom samples. ► L. monocytogenes was detected in five species of wild mushrooms. ► An improvement in the microbiological safety of wild mushrooms would be advisable.
•Thinned nectarines treated with microwave radiation generate Maillard products.•Maillard reaction products generated are mixed type inhibitors.•The inactivation of polyphenoloxidase enzyme was ...irreversible.•Thinned nectarine extracts could be used as natural antibrowning agents.
By-products from agricultural practices or from the fruit processing industry are a source of bioactive compounds that could be used in the food industry. Such by-products include thinned fruits, which are expected to contain high quantities of interesting compounds. One possible application of this fruits is the prevention of the enzymatic browning suffered by fruits and vegetables after minimal processing. The aim of this study is to determine the in vitro and in vivo activity of microwaved extracts obtained from thinned nectarines. It has been observed that in vitro the extracts obtained after the application of high microwave power levels (500, 1000 and 1500W) are mixed type inhibitors of polyphenoloxidase enzyme, showing an irreversible inactivation. This inhibition could be attributed to the Maillard reaction products formed during the microwave treatment. In vivo, a solution of 2% of the extract obtained at 1500W inhibited the enzymatic browning in minimally processed peaches for 8days of storage.
The aromatic composition of two different species of truffles (black and summer) was evaluated by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O). Volatiles released by the truffles at 25
°C for 7.5
h were ...collected in a trapping system consisting of 400
mg of LiChrolut EN kept at 0
°C and further eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (95:5). The extract was analysed by two different GC–O strategies: (1) a semiquantitative GC–O study using a panel composed of nine individuals, (three of them truffle experts) and (2) an AEDA (aroma extract dilution analysis) experiment with a small panel of two judges. The results show that the aroma emitted by a typical black truffle is due to at least 17 different aroma molecules, six of which are reported for the first time: 1-hexen-3-one, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, furaneol, 3-ethylphenol, 3-propylphenol and 5-methyl-2-propylphenol. The most important aroma compounds of black truffle aroma are 2,3-butanedione, dimethyl disulphide (DMDS), ethyl butyrate, dimethyl sulphide (DMS), 3-methyl-1-butanol and 3-ethyl-5-methylphenol. Quantitatively, black truffle emits mostly 3-ethyl-5-methylphenol (more than 50% of the total aroma molecules emitted), 5-methyl-2-propylphenol, β-phenylethanol and 3-ethylphenol. In the case of summer truffle, the most important aroma molecules are DMS, DMDS, methional, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexen-3-one and 3-ethylphenol. From the quantitative point of view, summer truffle emits mainly β-phenylethanol, DMS and 3-ethylphenol, but the emission is up to 100 times less than that of black truffles.
•An olfactometric study of the T. indicum species was carried out for the first time.•The most relevant odorants in this species were 1-octen-3-one and 1-octen-3-ol.•The volatile profile was ...evaluated also by headspace solid-phase microextraction.•It is important to distinguish between T. indicum and T. melanosporum to avoid frauds.•This study suggested several screening techniques to avoid these possible frauds.
The Tuber indicum (Chinese truffle) and Tuber melanosporum (Black truffle) species are morphologically very similar but their aromas are very different. The black truffle aroma is much more intense and complex, and it is consequently appreciated more gastronomically. This work tries to determine whether the differences between the aromatic compounds of both species are sufficiently significant so as to apply them to fraud detection. An olfactometric evaluation (GC–O) of T. indicum was carried out for the first time. Eight important odorants were identified. In order of aromatic significance, these were: 1-octen-3-one and 1-octen-3-ol, followed by two ethyl esters (ethyl isobutyrate and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate), 3-methyl-1-butanol, isopropyl acetate, and finally the two sulfides dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) and dimethylsulfide (DMS). A comparison of this aromatic profile with that of T. melanosporum revealed the following differences: T. indicum stood out for the significant aromatic contribution of 1-octen-3-one and 1-octen-3-ol (with modified frequencies (MF%) of 82% and 69%, respectively), while in the case of T. melanosporum both had modified frequencies of less than 30%. Ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate and isopropyl acetate were also significantly higher, while DMS and DMDS had low MF (30–40%) compared to T. melanosporum (>70%). The volatile profiles of both species were also studied by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME-GC–MS). This showed that the family of C8 compounds (3-octanone, octanal, 1-octen-3-one, 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol) is present in T. indicum at much higher levels. The presence of 1-octen-3-ol was higher by a factor of about 100, while 1-octen-3-one was detected in T. indicum only (there was no chromatographic signal in T. melanosporum). As well as showing the greatest chromatographic differences, these two compounds were also the most powerful from the aromatic viewpoint in the T. indicum olfactometry. Therefore, either of the two chromatographic methods (GC–O or HS-SPME-GC–MS), together or separately, could be used as a screening technique to distinguish between T. indicum and T. melanosporum and thus avoid possible fraud.
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