We present ALMA Band 9 observations of the C II158 μm emission for a sample of 10 main-sequence galaxies at redshift z ˜ 2, with typical stellar masses (log M⋆/M⊙ ˜ 10.0-10.9) and star formation ...rates (˜35-115 M⊙ yr-1). Given the strong and well-understood evolution of the interstellar medium from the present to z = 2, we investigate the behaviour of the C II emission and empirically identify its primary driver. We detect C II from six galaxies (four secure and two tentative) and estimate ensemble averages including non-detections. The C II-to-infrared luminosity ratio (C II/LIR) of our sample is similar to that of local main-sequence galaxies (˜2 × 10-3), and ˜10 times higher than that of starbursts. The C II emission has an average spatial extent of 4-7 kpc, consistent with the optical size. Complementing our sample with literature data, we find that the C II luminosity correlates with galaxies' molecular gas mass, with a mean absolute deviation of 0.2 dex and without evident systematics: the C II-to-H2 conversion factor (α _C II ˜ 30 M⊙/L⊙) is largely independent of galaxies' depletion time, metallicity, and redshift. C II seems therefore a convenient tracer to estimate galaxies' molecular gas content regardless of their starburst or main-sequence nature, and extending to metal-poor galaxies at low and high redshifts. The dearth of C II emission reported for z > 6-7 galaxies might suggest either a high star formation efficiency or a small fraction of ultraviolet light from star formation reprocessed by dust.
A
bstract
We develop the representation of free spinor fields in the bulk of Lorentzian anti-de Sitter space in terms of smeared operators in the dual conformal field theory. To do this we expand the ...bulk field in a complete set of normalizable modes, work out the extrapolate dictionary for spinor fields, and show that the bulk field can be reconstructed from its near-boundary behavior. In some cases chirality and reality conditions can be imposed in the bulk. We study the action of the CFT modular Hamiltonian on bulk fermions to show that they transform with the expected spinor Lie derivative, and we calculate bulk-boundary two-point functions starting from CFT correlators.
Understanding how super-massive black holes form and grow in the early Universe has become a major challenge
since it was discovered that luminous quasars existed only 700 million years after the Big ...Bang
. Simulations indicate an evolutionary sequence of dust-reddened quasars emerging from heavily dust-obscured starbursts that then transition to unobscured luminous quasars by expelling gas and dust
. Although the last phase has been identified out to a redshift of 7.6 (ref.
), a transitioning quasar has not been found at similar redshifts owing to their faintness at optical and near-infrared wavelengths. Here we report observations of an ultraviolet compact object, GNz7q, associated with a dust-enshrouded starburst at a redshift of 7.1899 ± 0.0005. The host galaxy is more luminous in dust emission than any other known object at this epoch, forming 1,600 solar masses of stars per year within a central radius of 480 parsec. A red point source in the far-ultraviolet is identified in deep, high-resolution imaging and slitless spectroscopy. GNz7q is extremely faint in X-rays, which indicates the emergence of a uniquely ultraviolet compact star-forming region or a Compton-thick super-Eddington black-hole accretion disk at the dusty starburst core. In the latter case, the observed properties are consistent with predictions from cosmological simulations
and suggest that GNz7q is an antecedent to unobscured luminous quasars at later epochs.
ABSTRACT
We investigate the contribution of clumps and satellites to the galaxy mass assembly. We analysed spatially resolved HubbleSpace Telescope observations (imaging and slitless spectroscopy) of ...53 star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1–3. We created continuum and emission line maps and pinpointed residual ‘blobs’ detected after subtracting the galaxy disc. Those were separated into compact (unresolved) and extended (resolved) components. Extended components have sizes ∼2 kpc and comparable stellar mass and age as the galaxy discs, whereas the compact components are 1.5 dex less massive and 0.4 dex younger than the discs. Furthermore, the extended blobs are typically found at larger distances from the galaxy barycentre than the compact ones. Prompted by these observations and by the comparison with simulations, we suggest that compact blobs are in situ formed clumps, whereas the extended ones are accreting satellites. Clumps and satellites enclose, respectively, ∼20 per cent and ≲80 per cent of the galaxy stellar mass, ∼30 per cent and ∼20 per cent of its star formation rate. Considering the compact blobs, we statistically estimated that massive clumps (M⋆ ≳ 109 M⊙) have lifetimes of ∼650 Myr, and the less massive ones (108 < M⋆ < 109 M⊙) of ∼145 Myr. This supports simulations predicting long-lived clumps (lifetime ≳ 100 Myr). Finally, ≲30 per cent (13 per cent) of our sample galaxies are undergoing single (multiple) merger(s), they have a projected separation ≲10 kpc, and the typical mass ratio of our satellites is 1:5 (but ranges between 1:10 and 1:1), in agreement with literature results for close pair galaxies.
ABSTRACT We investigate the physical conditions of ionized gas in high-z star-forming galaxies using diagnostic diagrams based on the rest-frame optical emission lines. The sample consists of 701 ...galaxies with an H detection at , from the Fiber Multi-Object Spectrograph (FMOS)-COSMOS survey, that represent the normal star-forming population over the stellar mass range , with those at being well sampled. We confirm an offset of the average location of star-forming galaxies in the Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich (BPT) diagram ( versus ), primarily toward higher , compared with local galaxies. Based on the S ii ratio, we measure an electron density ( ), which is higher than that of local galaxies. Based on comparisons to theoretical models, we argue that changes in emission-line ratios, including the offset in the BPT diagram, are caused by a higher ionization parameter both at fixed stellar mass and at fixed metallicity, with additional contributions from a higher gas density and possibly a hardening of the ionizing radiation field. Ionization due to active galactic nuclei is ruled out as assessed with Chandra. As a consequence, we revisit the mass-metallicity relation using and a new calibration including as recently introduced by Dopita et al. Consistent with our previous results, the most massive galaxies ( ) are fully enriched, while those at lower masses have metallicities lower than local galaxies. Finally, we demonstrate that the stellar masses, metallicities, and star formation rates of the FMOS sample are well fit with a physically motivated model for the chemical evolution of star-forming galaxies.
We present the detection of multiple carbon monoxide CO line transitions with ALMA in a few tens of infrared-selected galaxies on and above the main sequence at
z
= 1.1−1.7. We reliably detected the ...emission of CO (5 − 4), CO (2 − 1), and CO (7 − 6)+C I(
3
P
2
−
3
P
1
) in 50, 33, and 13 galaxies, respectively, and we complemented this information with available CO (4 − 3) and C I(
3
P
1
−
3
P
0
) fluxes for part of the sample, and by modeling of the optical-to-millimeter spectral energy distribution. We retrieve a quasi-linear relation between
L
IR
and CO (5 − 4) or CO (7 − 6) for main-sequence galaxies and starbursts, corroborating the hypothesis that these transitions can be used as star formation rate (SFR) tracers. We find the CO excitation to steadily increase as a function of the star formation efficiency, the mean intensity of the radiation field warming the dust (⟨
U
⟩), the surface density of SFR (Σ
SFR
), and, less distinctly, with the distance from the main sequence (ΔMS). This adds to the tentative evidence for higher excitation of the CO+C I spectral line energy distribution (SLED) of starburst galaxies relative to that for main-sequence objects, where the dust opacities play a minor role in shaping the high-
J
CO transitions in our sample. However, the distinction between the average SLED of upper main-sequence and starburst galaxies is blurred, driven by a wide variety of intrinsic shapes. Large velocity gradient radiative transfer modeling demonstrates the existence of a highly excited component that elevates the CO SLED of high-redshift main-sequence and starbursting galaxies above the typical values observed in the disk of the Milky Way. This excited component is dense and it encloses ∼50% of the total molecular gas mass in main-sequence objects. We interpret the observed trends involving the CO excitation as to be mainly determined by a combination of large SFRs and compact sizes, as a large Σ
SFR
is naturally connected with enhanced dense molecular gas fractions and higher dust and gas temperatures, due to increasing ultraviolet radiation fields, cosmic ray rates, as well as dust and gas coupling. We release the full data compilation and the ancillary information to the community.
The Brownian loop soup stress-energy tensor Camia, Federico; Foit, Valentino F.; Gandolfi, Alberto ...
The journal of high energy physics,
11/2022, Letnik:
2022, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A
bstract
The Brownian loop soup (BLS) is a conformally invariant statistical ensemble of random loops in two dimensions characterized by an intensity
λ >
0. Recently, we constructed families of ...operators in the BLS and showed that they transform as conformal primary operators. In this paper we provide an explicit expression for the BLS stress-energy tensor and compute its operator product expansion with other operators. Our results are consistent with the conformal Ward identities and our previous result that the central charge is
c
= 2
λ
. In the case of domains with boundary we identify a boundary operator that has properties consistent with the boundary stress-energy tensor. We show that this operator generates local deformations of the boundary and that it is related to a boundary operator that induces a Brownian excursion starting or ending at its insertion point.
CRISPR-Cas9-based genome engineering represents a powerful therapeutic tool for cartilage tissue engineering and for understanding molecular pathways driving cartilage diseases. However, primary ...chondrocytes are difficult to transfect and rapidly dedifferentiate during monolayer (2D) cell culture, making the lengthy expansion of a single-cell-derived edited clonal population not feasible. For this reason, functional genetics studies focused on cartilage and rheumatic diseases have long been carried out in cellular models that poorly recapitulate the native molecular properties of human cartilaginous tissue (e.g., cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cells). Here, we set out to develop a non-viral CRISPR-Cas9, bulk-gene editing method suitable for chondrocyte populations from different cartilaginous sources.
We screened electroporation and lipid nanoparticles for ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery in primary polydactyly chondrocytes, and optimized RNP reagents assembly. We knocked out RELA (also known as p65), a subunit of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), in polydactyly chondrocytes and further characterized knockout (KO) cells with RT-qPCR and Western Blot. We tested RELA KO in chondrocytes from diverse cartilaginous sources and characterized their phenotype with RT-qPCR. We examined the chondrogenic potential of wild-type (WT) and KO cell pellets in presence and absence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β).
We established electroporation as the optimal transfection technique for chondrocytes enhancing transfection and editing efficiency, while preserving high cell viability. We knocked out RELA with an unprecedented efficiency of ~90%, confirming lower inflammatory pathways activation upon IL-1β stimulation compared to unedited cells. Our protocol could be easily transferred to primary human chondrocytes harvested from osteoarthritis (OA) patients, human FE002 chondroprogenitor cells, bovine chondrocytes, and a human chondrocyte cell line, achieving comparable mean RELA KO editing levels using the same protocol. All KO pellets from primary human chondrocytes retained chondrogenic ability equivalent to WT cells, and additionally displayed enhanced matrix retention under inflamed conditions.
We showcased the applicability of our bulk gene editing method to develop effective autologous and allogeneic off-the-shelf gene therapies strategies and to enable functional genetics studies in human chondrocytes to unravel molecular mechanisms of cartilage diseases.
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![The [C ii] emission as a mo...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0035-8711_1365-8711_1365-2966/small "The [C ii] emission as a molecular gas mass tracer in galaxies at low and high redshifts")
