Introduction. Drooling in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is frequent but often goes underrecognized. Our aim was to examine the prevalence of drooling in a PD cohort and compare it with a control group. ...Specifically, we identified factors associated with drooling and conducted subanalyses in a subgroup of very early PD patients. Patients and Methods. PD patients who were recruited from January 2016 to November 2017 (baseline visit; V0) and evaluated again at a 2-year ± 30-day follow-up (V2) from 35 centers in Spain from the COPPADIS cohort were included in this longitudinal prospective study. Subjects were classified as with or without drooling according to item 19 of the NMSS (Nonmotor Symptoms Scale) at V0, V1 (1-year ± 15 days), and V2 for patients and at V0 and V2 for controls. Results. The frequency of drooling in PD patients was 40.1% (277/691) at V0 (2.4% (5/201) in controls; p < 0.0001), 43.7% (264/604) at V1, and 48.2% (242/502) at V2 (3.2% (4/124) in controls; p < 0.0001), with a period prevalence of 63.6% (306/481). Being older (OR = 1.032; p = 0.012), being male (OR = 2.333; p < 0.0001), having greater nonmotor symptom (NMS) burden at the baseline (NMSS total score at V0; OR = 1.020; p < 0.0001), and having a greater increase in the NMS burden from V0 to V2 (change in the NMSS total score from V0 to V2; OR = 1.012; p < 0.0001) were identified as independent predictors of drooling after the 2-year follow-up. Similar results were observed in the group of patients with ≤2 years since symptom onset, with a cumulative prevalence of 64.6% and a higher score on the UPDRS-III at V0 (OR = 1.121; p = 0.007) as a predictor of drooling at V2. Conclusion. Drooling is frequent in PD patients even at the initial onset of the disease and is associated with a greater motor severity and NMS burden.
The 3D polymeric terephthalate of scandium has been synthesized and its structure solved by single-crystal XRD. It was obtained as a single phase and characterized and tested as a hydrogen and ...nitrogen adsorbent and heterogeneous catalyst as a redox agent in the oxidation of sulfides. The compound shows a BET area of 721 m2 g-1 with a high C BET = 7000. The high chemical and thermal stability and excellent hydrogen sorption properties make this compound a useful material for hydrogen storage.
Two isostructural ammonium rare-earth R double sulfate monohydrates NH4R(SO4)2·H2O, R = Y, Ho, have been hydrothermally synthesized at 170 °C for 1 week. The crystal structures established by ...single-crystal X-ray diffraction are monoclinic, space group P21/n, Z = 4, with unit cell parameters a = 10.2171(7) and 10.219(2) Å, b = 8.3349(5) and 8.338(1) Å, and c = 10.3267(7) and 10.323(2) Å, and β = 119.5290(10) and 119.482(3)°, for R = Y and Ho, respectively. The most interesting feature of the 3D structure is the existence of helical channels along the a direction, where isolated RO8 polyhedra alternate with the two kinds of sulfate groups, and the ammonium cations are located inside the channels. Their infrared and thermal stability analyses have also been performed. These materials behave as active catalysts in hydrogenation reactions of olefins and nitroaromatics, and in highly chemoselective, hydrogen peroxide mediated, oxidation of organic sulfides. High yielding, mild conditions of reactions, suitability for solid-phase reactions, and reusability with no detriment of selectivity, activity, or yield are among the advantages of these described solid catalysts.
A new zeolite‐type structure is adopted by (NH4)+M(NH3)2+(Ge9O19)2− (M=Cu, Ag; shown in the picture). These compounds are the first microporous germanates containing a transition metal complex inside ...their tunnels. The large separation between the metal centers and the unhindered access of reactants to these active sites through uniformly sized channels make these materials a good point of departure for designing new catalysts.
Detection of suicidal ideation (SI) is key for trying to prevent suicide. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of SI and related factors in Spanish people with Parkinson's Disease ...(PwPD) and to compare them with a control group.
PD patients and controls recruited from the Spanish cohort COPPADIS from January 2016 to November 2017 were included. Two visits were conducted: V0 (baseline); V2 (2-year ± 1 month follow-up). SI was defined as a score ≥1 on item nine of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Regression analyses were conducted to identify factors related to SI.
At baseline, 693 PwPD (60.2% males; 62.59 ± 8.91 years old) and 207 controls (49.8% males; 60.99 ± 8.32 years old) were included. No differences between PwPD and controls were detected in SI frequency at either V0 (5.1% 35/693 vs. 4.3% 9/207; p = 0.421) or at V2 (5.1% 26/508 vs. 4.8% 6/125; p = 0.549). Major depression (MD) and a worse quality of life were associated with SI at both visits in PwPD: V0 (MD, OR = 5.63; p = 0.003; PDQ-39, OR = 1.06; p = 0.021); V2 (MD, OR = 4.75; p = 0.027; EUROHIS-QOL8, OR = 0.22; p = 0.006). A greater increase in the BDI-II total score from V0 to V2 was the only factor predicting SI at V2 (OR = 1.21; p = 0.002) along with an increase in the total number of non-antiparkinsonian drugs (OR = 1.39; p = 0.041).
The frequency of SI (5%) in PwPD was similar to in controls. Depression, a worse quality of life, and a greater comorbidity were related to SI.
Although depression is known to be frequent in Parkinson's disease (PD), it is unclear how mood can change and/or impact on patient's quality of life (QoL) over time. Our aim was to analyze the ...frequency of depression, mood related factors and the contribution of mood to a patient's QoL perception in regard to disease duration.
PD patients recruited from the COPPADIS cohort from January 2016 to November 2017 were included in this cross-sectional study. Three groups were defined: <5 years (Group A); from 5 to <10 years (Group B); ≥10 years (Group C). Analysis with well-planned linear regression models was conducted to determine how different factors contribute to mood (Beck Depression Inventory-II BDI-II as dependent variable), to health-related QoL (39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire PDQ-39SI as dependent variable) and to global QoL (European Health Interview Survey - Quality of Life Eight-Item Index EUROHIS-QOL8 as dependent variable).
Six hundred and sixty-three PD patients (62.6 ± 8.9 years old, 59.6% males) were included: Group A, 50.1% (n = 332); Group B, 33.3% (n = 221) and Group C, 16.6% (n = 110). There were no differences between the three groups in terms of the frequency of depressive symptoms nor the frequency of depression type (major vs. minor vs. subthreshold) (p = 0.729). However, the unique percent variance of PDQ-39SI and EUROHIS-QOL8 explained by BDI-II total score was 2 (23.7%) and threefold (26.9%), respectively, in Group C compared to the other two groups. EUROHIS-QOL8 total score provided the highest unique contribution to mood (16.8%).
Although depression-type frequency does not appear to change over time in PD; the contribution of mood on QoL perception is greater in patients with longer disease duration.
Two new (η3‐allyl)palladium complexes containing the ligand 3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐nitro‐1H‐pyrazole (Hdmnpz) were synthesized and characterized as Pd(η3‐C3H5)(Hdmnpz)2BF4 (1) and Pd(η3‐C3H5)(Hdmnpz)2NO3 ...(2). The structures of these compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction to evaluate the intermolecular assembly. Each complex exhibits similar coordination behavior consistent with cationic entities comprised of two pyrazole ligands coordinated with the Pd(η3‐C3H5)+ fragment in an almost square‐planar coordination geometry. In 1, the cationic entities are propagated through strong intermolecular H‐bonds formed between the pyrazole NH groups and BF$\rm{_{4}^{-}}$ ions in one‐dimensional polymer chains along the a axis. These chains are extended into two‐dimensional sheet networks via bifurcated H‐bonds. New intermolecular interactions established between NO2 and Me substituents at the pyrazole ligand of neighboring sheets give rise to a three‐dimensional network. By contrast, compound 2 presents molecular cyclic dimers formed through NH⋅⋅⋅O H‐bonds between two NO$\rm{_{3}^{-}}$ counterions and the pyrazole NH groups of two cationic entities. The dimers are also connected to each other through CH⋅⋅⋅O H‐bonds between the remaining O‐atom of each NO$\rm{_{3}^{-}}$ ion and the allyl CH2 H‐atom. Those interactions expand in a layer which lies parallel to the face (101).
Recently, a novel simple classification called MNCD, based on 4 axes (Motor; Non-motor; Cognition; Dependency) and 5 stages, has been proposed to classify Parkinson's disease (PD).
Our aim was to ...apply the MNCD classification in a cohort of PD patients for the first time and also to analyze the correlation with quality of life (QoL) and disease severity.
Data from the baseline visit of PD patients recruited from 35 centers in Spain from the COPPADIS cohort fromJanuary 2016 to November 2017 were used to apply the MNCD classification. Three instruments were used to assess QoL:1) the 39-item Parkinson's disease Questionnaire PDQ-39); PQ-10; the EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index (EUROHIS-QOL8).
Four hundred and thirty-nine PD patients (62.05±7.84 years old; 59% males) were included. MNCD stage was:stage 1, 8.4% (N = 37); stage 2, 62% (N = 272); stage 3, 28.2% (N = 124); stage 4-5, 1.4% (N = 6). A more advancedMNCD stage was associated with a higher score on the PDQ39SI (p < 0.0001) and a lower score on the PQ-10 (p< 0.0001) and EUROHIS-QOL8 (p< 0.0001). In many other aspects of the disease, such as disease duration, levodopa equivalent daily dose, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, and autonomy for activities of daily living, an association between the stage and severity was observed, with data indicating a progressive worsening related to disease progression throughout the proposed stages.
Staging PD according to the MNCD classification correlated with QoL and disease severity. The MNCD could be a proper tool to monitor the progression of PD.
Visual hallucinations (VH) and subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) are associated with cognitive impairment (CI) in Parkinson's disease. Our aims were to determine the association between VH and ...SCC and the risk of CI development in a cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease and normal cognition (PD-NC).
Patients with PD-NC (total score of >80 on the Parkinson's Disease Cognitive Rating Scale PD-CRS) recruited from the Spanish COPPADIS cohort from January 2016 to November 2017 were followed up after 2 years. Subjects with a score of ≥1 on domain 5 and item 13 of the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale at baseline (V0) were considered as "with SCC" and "with VH," respectively. CI at the 2-year follow-up (plus or minus 1 month) (V2) was defined as a PD-CRS total score of <81.
At V0 (
=376, 58.2% males, age 61.14±8.73 years mean±SD), the frequencies of VH and SCC were 13.6% and 62.2%, respectively. VH were more frequent in patients with SCC than in those without: 18.8% (44/234) vs 4.9% (7/142),
<0.0001. At V2, 15.2% (57/376) of the patients had developed CI. VH presenting at V0 was associated with a higher risk of CI at V2 (odds ratio OR=2.68, 95% confidence interval=1.05-6.83,
=0.0.039) after controlling for the effects of age, disease duration, education, medication, motor and nonmotor status, mood, and PD-CRS total score at V0. Although SCC were not associated with CI at V2, presenting both VH and SCC at V0 increased the probability of having CI at V2 (OR=3.71, 95% confidence interval=1.36-10.17,
=0.011).
VH were associated with the development of SCC and CI at the 2-year follow-up in patients with PD-NC.
There is a need for identifying risk factors for hospitalization in Parkinson's disease (PD) and also interventions to reduce acute hospital admission.
To analyze the frequency, causes, and ...predictors of acute hospitalization (AH) in PD patients from a Spanish cohort.
PD patients recruited from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS-2015 (COhort of Patients with PArkinson's DIsease in Spain, 2015) cohort from January 2016 to November 2017, were included in the study. In order to identify predictors of AH, Kaplan-Meier estimates of factors considered as potential predictors were obtained and Cox regression performed on time to hospital encounter 1-year after the baseline visit.
Thirty-five out of 605 (5.8%) PD patients (62.5±8.9 years old; 59.8% males) presented an AH during the 1-year follow-up after the baseline visit. Traumatic falls represented the most frequent cause of admission, being 23.7% of all acute hospitalizations. To suffer from motor fluctuations (HR hazard ratio 2.461; 95% CI, 1.065-5.678; p = 0.035), a very severe non-motor symptoms burden (HR hazard ratio 2.828; 95% CI, 1.319-6.063; p = 0.008), falls (HR 3.966; 95% CI 1.757-8.470; p = 0.001), and dysphagia (HR 2.356; 95% CI 1.124-4.941; p = 0.023) was associated with AH after adjustment to age, gender, disease duration, levodopa equivalent daily dose, total number of non-antiparkinsonian drugs, and UPDRS-IIIOFF. Of the previous variables, only falls (HR 2.998; 95% CI 1.080-8.322; p = 0.035) was an independent predictor of AH.
Falls is an independent predictor of AH in PD patients.
