The avian spleen is an important immune organ in birds and its size can be used as an index of immune system responses in different conditions. Based on the lack of knowledge in computed tomography ...of the spleen in chickens, the present study was conducted to assess the inter-and intraobserver reliability in the measurement of the spleen dimensions and attenuation, as well as the feasibility of utilization of these measurements as a predictor of different diseases. For these purposes, the spleens of 47 chickens were included in the study. Two observers measured the dimensions and attenuations of the spleen, which were finally compared with the clinical diagnosis. The results showed an excellent interobserver reliability in the length, width, and height of the spleen (ICC: 0.944, 0.906, and 0.938, retrospectively), and a good interobserver reliability was observed during the evaluation of the average Hounsfield units of the spleen (ICC: 0.818). The intraobserver reliability was excellent in all the measurements (ICC > 0.940). Additionally, no statistical differences were detected in the spleen size and attenuation between the normal and diseased groups. Based on the present results, the computed tomographic measurements of the spleen could not predict the clinical diseases of the chickens; however, the low rates of the inter- and intraobserver variability suggest the reliable utilization of these computed tomographic measurements in routine clinical application and follow-up examinations.
The aim of this study is to evaluate additional findings which can be detected by post-contrast computed tomography (CCT) in relation to plain CT (PCT) findings in patients presented with head ...trauma. Medical records of canine patients with the history of head trauma from three institutions were reviewed. PCT- and CCT-anonymized images were evaluated by a veterinary radiologist separately. From the categorized findings the following conclusions were drawn as: abnormalities were identified on (A) PCT but missed on CCT, (B) CCT but missed on PCT, (C) both PCT and CCT.
Thirty-two patients were included. The results showed that findings identified on CCT or PCT (category A and B) but missed on the other series were limited to mild soft tissue and sinus changes. Overall, 61 different fracture areas, 6 injuries of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 4 orbital injuries, 14 nasal cavities with soft tissue density filling, 13 areas of emphysema, 4 symphysis separations, 12 intracranial hemorrhages, 6 cerebral edema, 5 cerebral midline shifts, 3 intracranial aeroceles, 3 brain herniations and 6 intraparenchymal foreign bodies (defined as an abnormal structure located within the brain: e.g. bony fragments, bullet, teeth,..) were identified on both PCT and CCT separately (category C). Severity grading was different in 50% (3/6) of the reported cerebral edema using PCT and CCT images.
The results showed that PCT is valuable to identify the presence of intracranial traumatic injuries and CCT is not always essential to evaluate vital traumatic changes.
Abstract
Background
The present study evaluated the frequency of supinator sesamoid bones (SSB) on radiography and computed tomography (CT). Interobserver agreement was evaluated in the detection of ...the SSBs in both methods. A correlation between the existence of SSBs and elbow diseases (ED) was assessed. For these purposes, radiographs, and CT scans of 100 dogs were scored by 3 observers.
Results
The SSB was identified as a round to oval-shaped opacity and measured 0.5–6.56 mm × 0.5–6.2 mm. SSBs were reported in an average of 8,33% of dogs on radiographs and 26% of dogs on CT; a bilateral sesamoid bone was present in 43,52% and 76,92% of these dogs, respectively. Seventy-two percent of the SSBs was identified on CT were not detected on radiographs. The Kappa test showed a substantial agreement (κ = 0.691) and a perfect agreement (κ = 1) between the observers in the detection of SSBs on radiography and on CT scans respectively. Additionally, a weak positive correlation was detected between ED and the existence of SSBs.
Conclusion
A supinator sesamoid bone can be detected occasionally in the evaluation of the canine elbow joints by routine radiography. CT is superior to radiography for assessing SSBs with a higher interobserver agreement. The correlation of the existence of the SSBs and ED, needs further evaluations to prove a probable pathophysiological connection.
Background
Induction of parturition in guinea pigs appears to be essential because these animals have a higher rate of reproductive problems than rabbits and small rodents.
Objectives
Since ...aglepristone (AGL) is a competitive progesterone antagonist acting through binding to progesterone receptors while oxytocin (OT) is a powerful constituent of uterine smooth muscle, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and ultrasonographic impacts of AGL and OT on guinea pig parturition induction.
Methods
In this study, guinea pigs were allocated into five groups; each included five animals on the 61st day of pregnancy. In the aglepristone group (Agle), AGL was administrated subcutaneously (SC) once daily on 2 consecutive days (Days 61 and 62 post mating). Oxytocin (OT) was administered subcutaneously once and twice at 4‐h intervals on Day 62 post mating in oxytocin 1 (Oxy1) and oxytocin 2 (Oxy2) groups, respectively. The animals in the aglepristone‐oxytocin group (Agle‐Oxy) received AGL subcutaneously once daily on 2 consecutive days (Days 61 and 62 post mating) and OT on Day 62 post mating. The remaining sows received saline solution (0.9% NaCl) in the control group.
Results
According to the results, fetal heart rate, temperature, neonatal and maternal survival rates were not significantly different between the treatment and control groups (p > 0.05). Biparietal diameter of head and body weight of neonates in the Agle, Oxy2 and Agle‐Oxy groups showed a significant decline, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The time interval between injection and delivery and the duration of pregnancy was significantly reduced in Agle, Oxy2, Agl‐Oxy groups, compared to the control and Oxy1 groups.
Conclusions
In conclusion, it seems that treatment Oxy2 can induce parturition in guinea pigs without side effects and lower pain during induction of parturition.
In this study, the clinical and ultrasonographical evaluation of parturition induction in guinea pigs using oxytocin (OT) and aglepristone (AGL) was used in five different groups. The results showed that AGL and OT are able to successfully induce parturition in guinea pigs without side effects.
Background
Computed tomography currently has a prominent role in diagnosis and evaluation of vertebral column. On the other hand, a thorough knowledge about vertebral column property in normal state ...is prerequisite an accurate diagnosis of different abnormalities in this region.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to present a complete and exact descriptive and morphometric evaluation of thoracic vertebrae in rabbits with computed tomography. In images which were constructed by CT, several structures and different parts of the thoracic vertebrae have been named.
Methods
Ten healthy, mature, White New Zealand rabbits were evaluated. The morphologic and morphometric parameters of the thoracic vertebrae were studied. In this study, several parameters of thoracic vertebrae, such as vertebral body height, spinous process height, transverse process length, transverse process width, etc., were measured by computed tomography.
Results
Some parameters, such as spinal canal height, spinal canal width, pedicle length, pedicle width, end plate width, and endplate height, had no significant difference through thoracic vertebrae but other parameters, such as vertebral body height, transverse process length, transverse process width, spinous process angle, transverse process angle, and vertebral body length, had a significant difference.
Conclusions
In this study, a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the thoracic vertebrae was produced for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Finally, we must mention these two important points: (1) Many of the differences observed between rabbits and humans are based on the way the trunks of these two creatures are located on the ground and the differences in the way their bodies move. (2) In studies that are done by modelling humans on animals, it should be noted that the terms used in animal anatomy are different and the names are used using the principles of veterinary anatomy.
Transverse computed tomography images of seven cervical, first, second, third, fourth, eleventh, and twelfth thoracic vertebrae.
Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography has been shown to be an accurate and appropriate tool for measurement of gallbladder volume in humans. Therefore, we applied this novel technique for the first ...time to study fasting and postprandial gallbladder volume in 10 healthy dogs and compared the results with those of 2-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography. Fasting gallbladder volumes determined by 3D ultrasonography were significantly higher than corresponding volumes determined by 2D ultrasonography (P<0.01). Additionally, gallbladder volumes were significantly decreased in the postprandial state compared with the fasting state using 3D ultrasonography (P<0.001), but 2D ultrasonography showed no significant difference (P=0.189). The Gallbladder contraction index was higher in 3D ultrasonography than 2D ultrasonography; however, it did not reach statistical significance (P=0.25). In conclusion, 3D ultrasonography was able to measure gallbladder volume in healthy dogs in this study. It is suggested that 3D ultrasonography can be used to accurately estimate gallbladder volume and contractility.
Ultrasonographic features of Marek's disease in a chicken Vali, Yasamin; Vobornik, Angela; Thaller, Denise ...
Veterinary radiology & ultrasound,
July 2023, 2023-Jul, 2023-07-00, 20230701, Letnik:
64, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A 4‐year‐old chicken was presented with a history of anorexia, depression, and blindness. An ultrasound examination of the coelomic cavity was performed that revealed splenomegaly, hepatic nodules, ...and hypoechoic thickening of the intestinal wall. Ultrasonography of the coelomic cavity was done and revealed splenomegaly, nodular hepatic changes, and hypoechoic thickening of the intestinal wall. A diagnosis of Marek's disease was made based on the history and extension of the abdominal organ changes and confirmed by histopathology. This study describes an ultrasonographic appearance of Marek's disease in a chicken and emphasizes the importance and benefits of ultrasonography in staging the progression of Marek's disease.
Objective
To compare intra‐ and interobserver agreements in two‐dimensional measurements of changes in nasopharyngeal dimensions during breathing in pugs and French bulldogs.
Study design
...Experimental randomized study.
Animals
A total of 20 French bulldogs and 16 pugs.
Methods
Four observers with different levels of experience measured the dorsoventral dimensions of the nasopharynx during inspiration and expiration on fluoroscopy videos. Measurements were performed at the maximal narrowing of the nasopharynx for the functional method and at the level of the tip of the epiglottis for the anatomically adjusted method. The intra‐ and interobserver agreements of the measurements, ratio of the dynamic nasopharyngeal change (ΔL), and grade of nasopharyngeal (NP) collapse (no, partial or complete) were evaluated.
Results
The functional method resulted in intraobserver correlation coefficients of 0.532 (p < .01) and 0.751 (p < .01) and interobserver correlation coefficients of 0.378 (p < .01) and 0.621 (p < .01) for NP collapse grade and ΔL, respectively. The anatomically adjusted method, 0.491 (p < .01) and 0.576 (p < .01) and 0.495 (p < .01) and 0.729 (p < .01) for NP collapse grade and ΔL, respectively, were being used. One observer (radiologist) achieved intraobserver correlation coefficients >0.9 for both methods.
Conclusion
Fair interobserver agreement was found for NP collapse grade (functional method), moderate intra‐ and interobserver agreements were found for NP collapse grade and ΔL (both methods) while intraobserver agreement for ΔL was good (functional method).
Clinical significance
Both methods seem repeatable and reproducible but only for experienced radiologists. The use of ΔL may offer higher repeatability and reproducibility than grade of NP collapse regardless of the method used.
Abstract Objective To investigate the utility of the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a prognostic marker in cats with blunt trauma. Design Retrospective study from January 2018 to December ...2021. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Medical records of 177 cats admitted with blunt trauma were evaluated. History, clinical findings, blood cell count‐based ratios, thoracic radiographs on presentation, and outcome were reviewed. The Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) score was assessed in each cat and classified as mild (1–3), moderate (4–7), and severe trauma (≥8). Forty‐eight healthy blood donor cats served as the control population. NLR, neutrophil counts, and lymphocyte counts were compared between cats with blunt trauma and controls, and among trauma patients. Interventions None Measurements and Main Results NLR, neutrophil counts, and lymphocyte counts significantly differ in cats with blunt trauma compared to controls ( p < 0.001), and NLR was higher in patients with thoracic trauma ( p = 0.044). Nonsurvivors had lower lymphocyte counts ( p = 0.041), although those values do not appear to be clinically relevant. A significant increase in NLR was observed with increasing severity of trauma ( p < 0.001). The NLR was not associated with the length of hospitalization, intensive care assistance, or mortality. Conclusion NLR is a widely available diagnostic tool, which can be used in addition to ATT to assess trauma severity, although in our study it was not predictive of the outcome.
The popularity of using wireless fidelity over the last decades increased apprehensions about impact of high frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on health. Most of previous studies mentioned ...adverse effect of EMF on cognitive processes, but so far, no study has provided a way to control adverse effects of EMF exposure. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Wi-Fi EMF and physical activity on spatial learning and motor function in pregnant rat's offspring. Forty Albino-Wistar pregnant rats divided randomly into four groups (EMF, physical activity, combined 2.4GHZ EMF and physical activity and control groups). For assessing spatial learning in 56 post-natal days' old (PND) male offspring, Morris Water Maze (MWM) was used and to examine motor function Open-field test was taken. Although results of MWM test revealed that Wi-Fi modem EMF caused impairment in spatial learning in rats exposed to EMF but physical activity could reduce negative effect of EMF in pregnant rat's offspring who exposed during pregnancy but performed swimming. In addition, results of open-field test showed that litter's motor function in EMF group significantly declined in comparison with physical activity and combined 2.4GHZ EMF and physical activity groups. According to our findings, it can be concluded that execution physical activity individually or along with wave-exposed pregnancy can significantly progressive effect on offspring' cognitive and motor functions.
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