Employee trust, and increasingly its absence, is a critical topic for researchers and practitioners interested in social relations in the context of work and organizing. Employee trust repair is ...particularly important in the current disrupted work environment, due to unpredictable changes such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the uncertainty those bring to our lives. It is not surprising that employee trust is attracting increasing interest among researchers and practitioners alike. In this article, we systematically review and take stock of the research on trust repair conducted in the past two decades to provide comprehensive insights and future research directions for researchers and managers. In our review, we propose that early use of trust repair strategies in response to small violations, prevents these violations escalating into larger violations, and hence, enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of trust repair with employees. We conclude by describing future directions.
Objective: To evaluate the risk for developing metabolic syndrome when having depressive symptoms.
Method: The prevalence of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome at baseline, and after a ...7‐year follow‐up as measured with Beck depression inventory (BDI), and using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program – Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were studied in a middle‐aged population‐based sample (n = 1294).
Results: The logistic regression analysis showed a 2.5‐fold risk (95% CI: 1.2–5.2) for the females with depressive symptoms (BDI ≥10) at baseline to have MetS at the end of the follow‐up. The risk was highest in the subgroup with more melancholic symptoms evaluated with a summary score of the melancholic items in BDI (OR 6.81, 95% CI: 2.09–22.20). In men, there was no risk difference.
Conclusion: The higher risks for MetS in females with depressive symptoms at baseline suggest that depression may be an important predisposing factor for the development of MetS.
Aims/hypothesis
Bilirubin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Previous studies demonstrated that higher bilirubin levels were associated with reduced prevalence of peripheral arterial ...disease (PAD). However, the relationship between bilirubin and lower-limb amputation, a consequence of PAD, is currently unknown. We hypothesised that, in patients with type 2 diabetes, bilirubin concentrations may inversely associate with lower-limb amputation.
Methods
The relationship between baseline plasma total bilirubin levels and amputation events was analysed in 9,795 type 2 diabetic patients from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. The analysis plan was pre-specified. Lower-limb amputation was adjudicated blinded to treatment allocation. Relevant clinical and biochemical data were available for analyses. Amputation was a pre-specified tertiary endpoint.
Results
Bilirubin concentrations were significantly inversely associated with lower-limb amputation, with a greater than threefold risk gradient across levels. Individuals with lower bilirubin concentrations had a higher risk for first amputation (HR 1.38 per 5 μmol/l decrease in bilirubin concentration, 95% CI 1.07, 1.79,
p
= 0.013). The same association persisted after adjustment for baseline variables, including age, height, smoking status, γ-glutamyltransferase level, HbA
1c
, trial treatment allocation (placebo vs fenofibrate), as well as previous PAD, non-PAD cardiovascular disease, amputation or diabetic skin ulcer, neuropathy, nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy (HR 1.38 per 5 μmol/l decrease in bilirubin concentration, 95% CI 1.05, 1.81,
p
= 0.019).
Conclusions/interpretation
Our results identify a significant inverse relationship between bilirubin levels and total lower-limb amputation, driven by major amputation. Our data raise the hypothesis that bilirubin may protect against amputation in type 2 diabetes.
Aims We explored gender differences in the association of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) and adiponectin with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) ...defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria.
Methods A population‐based study of 923 middle‐aged subjects in Pieksämäki, East Finland.
Results The prevalence of the MetS according to the IDF and NCEP definitions was 38% and 34% in men (N = 405) and 34% and 27% in women (N = 497), respectively. hs‐CRP and IL‐1Ra levels were higher in subjects with the MetS compared with those without the MetS in both sexes (P < 0.001). The levels of hs‐CRP (P < 0.001) and IL‐1Ra (P = 0.0016 for NCEP criteria, P = 0.0028 for IDF criteria) were significantly higher in women with MetS than in men with MetS. In contrast, in subjects without MetS, no gender differences in the levels of hs‐CRP or IL‐1Ra were found.
Conclusion Women with MetS, defined by the IDF or NCEP criteria, had higher levels of hs‐CRP and IL‐1Ra than did men with MetS. Thus, low‐grade inflammation may contribute to the high risk of cardiovascular disease in women with MetS.
Aims:
This study explored behavioral health risk factors among healthcare professionals and investigated the at-risk persons’ satisfaction with their health habits and ongoing change attempts.
...Methods:
The study was based on a cross-sectional web-based survey directed at the nurses and physicians (N = 1233) in Finnish healthcare. Obesity, low physical activity, smoking, and risky alcohol drinking were used as behavioral health risk factors.
Results:
In all, 70% of the participants had at least one behavioral risk factor, and a significant number of at-risk persons were satisfied with their health habits and had no ongoing change process. Good self-rated health and good self-rated work ability were significantly associated with whether a participant had a behavioral health risk factor.
Conclusion:
Overall, unhealthy behaviors and a lack of ongoing change attempts were commonly observed among healthcare professionals. Work in healthcare is demanding, and healthy lifestyles can support coping. Thus, healthy lifestyle programs should also be targeted to healthcare professionals.
Abstract Background and aims Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with low-grade inflammation. The connections of adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines with the course of MetS are not well-known. ...The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of adiponectin and low-grade inflammation with the development or resolution of MetS. Methods and results In the town of Pieksämäki, Finland, five complete age groups ( n = 1.294) were invited for health check-ups in 1997–1998 for the first time and in 2003–2004 for the second time. The final study population included 284 men and 396 women. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria in the beginning and at the end of the 6-year research period, and adiponectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels were determined from baseline samples. Both male and female study subjects were divided into four groups according to the diagnosis of MetS in the two check-ups: not diagnosed at either check-up (No MetS), diagnosed only at the second check-up (Incident MetS), diagnosed only at the first check-up (Resolute MetS), and diagnosed at both check-ups (Persistent MetS). Baseline adiponectin, IL-1Ra and IL-1β levels and IL-1β/IL-1Ra -ratio were found to predict Incident MetS, when adjusted for the change in BMI, age, smoking status and physical activity. Our data also suggested that a high adiponectin level and low hs-CRP and IL-1Ra levels predict the resolution of MetS. Conclusion Adiponectin and inflammatory markers can predict the course of MetS.
Aim
To examine changes in glucose metabolism (fasting and 2‐h glucose) during follow‐up in people with impaired fasting glucose in comparison with changes in people with isolated impaired glucose ...tolerance, people with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance combined and people with screening‐detected Type 2 diabetes at baseline, among those who participated in a diabetes prevention programme conducted in Finland.
Methods
A total of 10 149 people at high risk of Type 2 diabetes took part in baseline examination. Of 5351 individuals with follow‐up ≥ 9 months, 1727 had impaired glucose metabolism at baseline and completed at least one lifestyle intervention visit. Most of them (94.6%) were overweight/ obese.
Results
Fasting glucose decreased during follow‐up among overweight/obese people in the combined impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance group (P = 0.044), as did 2‐h glucose in people in the isolated impaired glucose tolerance group (P = 0.0014) after adjustment for age, sex, medication and weight at baseline, follow‐up time and changes in weight, physical activity and diet. When comparing changes in glucose metabolism among people with different degrees of glucose metabolism impairment, fasting glucose concentration was found to have increased in those with isolated impaired glucose tolerance (0.12 mmol/l, 95% Cl 0.05 to 0.19) and it decreased to a greater extent in those with screening‐detected Type 2 diabetes (−0.54 mmol/l, 95% Cl −0.69 to −0.39) compared with those with impaired fasting glucose (−0.21 mmol/l, 95% Cl −0.27 to −0.15). Furthermore, 2‐h glucose concentration decreased in the isolated impaired glucose tolerance group (−0.82 mmol/l, 95% Cl −1.04 to −0.60), in the combined impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance group (−0.82 mmol/l, 95% Cl −1.07 to −0.58) and in the screening‐detected Type 2 diabetes group (−1.52, 95% Cl −1.96 to −1.08) compared with those in the impaired fasting glucose group (0.26 mmol/l, 95% Cl 0.10 to 0.43). Results were statistically significant even after adjustment for covariates (P < 0.001 in all models).
Conclusions
Changes in glucose metabolism differ in people with impaired fasting glucose from those in people with isolated impaired glucose tolerance, people with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance combined and people with screening‐detected Type 2 diabetes.
What's new?
Results from implementation trials of programmes for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes are scarce in primary healthcare settings. This study provides new information on changes in glucose metabolism in people with impaired fasting glucose and other categories of impaired glucose metabolism, among participants in a lifestyle intervention programme in primary healthcare settings in Finland.
The results suggest that changes in glucose metabolism differ in people with impaired fasting glucose from those in people with other categories of impaired glucose metabolism.
To examine whether birth weight, weight gain from birth to the age of seven or body-mass index at the age of seven have any association with metabolic syndrome as an adult.
A population study.
210 ...men and 218 women out of a total 712 subjects aged 36, 41 or 46 years in Pieksämäki town, Finland.
Weight at birth and weight and height at the age of seven and metabolic syndrome defined as a clustering of hypertension, dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridaemia or low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol), and insulin resistance (inferred by abnormal glucose tolerance or hyperinsulinaemia).
No association was found between birth weight and the metabolic syndrome as an adult. Among obese children at the age of seven (body-mass index in the highest quartile), the odds ratio (OR) for the metabolic syndrome in adulthood was 4.4 (95% CI 2.1-9.5) as compared to the other children (the three other quartiles combined). After adjustment for age, sex and current obesity, the risk of the syndrome still was 2.4 (95% CI 2.1-9.5).
We could not replicate the close association between low birth weight and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood as has been shown in some earlier studies. Obesity at the age of seven predicts the metabolic syndrome in adulthood.
Background: Information on the role of family dietary behaviours is needed to enable the design of effective interventions for treatment of childhood obesity. The present study aimed to analyse ...differences in consumption and predictors of fruit, berries and vegetables (FBV) between normal‐weight and overweight treatment‐seeking children and their parents.
Methods: Fifty‐four treatment‐seeking overweight and 65 normal‐weight 8‐year‐old children and their parents participated in the present study. Children’s and parent’s consumption of FBV were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Availability of vegetables at home meals, child’s preference for FBV and parent’s control over portion size were determined. Weight and height were measured and the standardised body mass index of each child was calculated. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the predictors of children’s FBV consumption.
Results: Normal‐weight children and parents ate FBV more frequently than overweight children. In the multiple linear regression analysis, mother’s (β = 0.476, P ≤ 0.001) and father’s consumption of FBV (β = 0.347, P = 0.001) and child’s preference for eating vegetables (β = 0.259, P = 0.002) were positively associated with the child’s consumption of FBV. In overweight children, parent’s consumption of FBV was the only predictor of the offspring’s consumption of FBV (P = 0.002).
Conclusions: Predictors related to FBV consumption appear to be the similar in normal‐weight and treatment‐seeking overweight children. The findings obtained in the present study highlight the importance of parental modelling in determining the consumption of FBV in their children.
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