Several Mesoamerican crops constitute wild‐to‐domesticated complexes generated by multiple initial domestication events, and continuous gene flow among crop populations and between these populations ...and their wild relatives. It has been suggested that the domestication of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) started in the northwest of the Yucatán Peninsula, from where it spread to other regions inside and outside of Mexico. We tested this hypothesis by assembling chloroplast genomes of 23 wild, landraces, and breeding lines (transgene‐introgressed and conventional). The phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolutionary history of cotton in Mexico involves multiple events of introgression and genetic divergence. From this, we conclude that Mexican landraces arose from multiple wild populations. Our results also revealed that their structural and functional chloroplast organizations had been preserved. However, genetic diversity decreases as a consequence of domestication, mainly in transgene‐introgressed (TI) individuals (π = 0.00020, 0.00001, 0.00016, 0, and 0, of wild, TI‐wild, landraces, TI‐landraces, and breeding lines, respectively). We identified homologous regions that differentiate wild from domesticated plants and indicate a relationship among the samples. A decrease in genetic diversity associated with transgene introgression in cotton was identified for the first time, and our outcomes are therefore relevant to both biosecurity and agrobiodiversity conservation.
Domestication of cotton landraces in Mexico. Changes in chloroplast genetic diversity related to cotton domestication and management.
Amanita is one of the most salient mushroom genera due to its cultural, economic, and medical importance. Recently, many new Amanita species have been described worldwide, increasing the genus ...richness. However, several clades have cryptic diversity, and many species complexes have not yet been resolved. This is the case of the rubescent species in the Validae section, which have been widely cited under the name Amanita rubescens s.l. We used a four-locus matrix (nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS and 28S regions and genes for RNA polymerase II subunit 2 rpb2, translation elongation factor 1-α tef1-α, and β-tubulin tub2) to solve the phylogenetic relationships within the Amanita section Validae. To analyze the diversity and distribution patterns of species, we used an extensive ITS sequence sampling including environmental DNA databases. The phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the Validae section is divided into three monophyletic and highly supported major clades: Mappae, Validae, and Rubescentes. At least 11 species-level clades within the Rubescentes clade were highly supported: A. cruentilemurum nom. prov. A. brunneolocularis, A. rubescens s.s. (European clade), A. rubescens s.s. (Asiatic clade), A. orsonii s.s. A. 'orsonii,' A. aureosubucula nom. prov., A. novinupta, A. flavorubens, and two undescribed North American species. We proved that A. rubescens s.s. has two segregated populations (European and Asiatic) and it is not naturally distributed in America. Furthermore, we found that America has more cryptic species within the Rubescentes clade than Eurasia.Amanita is one of the most salient mushroom genera due to its cultural, economic, and medical importance. Recently, many new Amanita species have been described worldwide, increasing the genus richness. However, several clades have cryptic diversity, and many species complexes have not yet been resolved. This is the case of the rubescent species in the Validae section, which have been widely cited under the name Amanita rubescens s.l. We used a four-locus matrix (nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS and 28S regions and genes for RNA polymerase II subunit 2 rpb2, translation elongation factor 1-α tef1-α, and β-tubulin tub2) to solve the phylogenetic relationships within the Amanita section Validae. To analyze the diversity and distribution patterns of species, we used an extensive ITS sequence sampling including environmental DNA databases. The phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the Validae section is divided into three monophyletic and highly supported major clades: Mappae, Validae, and Rubescentes. At least 11 species-level clades within the Rubescentes clade were highly supported: A. cruentilemurum nom. prov. A. brunneolocularis, A. rubescens s.s. (European clade), A. rubescens s.s. (Asiatic clade), A. orsonii s.s. A. 'orsonii,' A. aureosubucula nom. prov., A. novinupta, A. flavorubens, and two undescribed North American species. We proved that A. rubescens s.s. has two segregated populations (European and Asiatic) and it is not naturally distributed in America. Furthermore, we found that America has more cryptic species within the Rubescentes clade than Eurasia.
Mentimun lokal madura ini memiliki keunggulan yaitu bentuk yang besar dan rasa yang gurih. Benih timun lokal Madura ini mempunyai ciri khusus dibandingkan dengan mentimun Jawa yaitu mengandung air ...yang cukup banyak dan biji yang sangat banyak. Petani di Indonesia banyak menanam varietas mentimun introduksi karena memiliki buah yang lebih besar dan seragam, akan tetapi benih ini tidak dapat ditanam kembali pada periode tanam berikutnya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan upaya khusus untuk memperbaiki sifat genetik benih pada tanaman mentimun melalui pemuliaan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengetahui dan mendapatkan nilai LD50 serta menngetahui dan mendapatkan hasil pertumbuhan dari tanaman mentimun lokal Madura yang di iradiasi sinar Gamma Cobalt-60. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Burneh, Kecamatan Burneh, Kabupaten Bangkalan. Waktu pelaksanaan penelitian dimulai pada bulan Mei 2021 sampai bulan Juni 2021. Terdiri dari 11 taraf dengan kode D0 tanpa iradiasi (0Gy/ kontrol), D1 (100Gy), D2 (200Gy), D3 (300Gy), D4 (400Gy), D5 (500Gy), D6 (600Gy), D7 (700Gy), D8 (800Gy), D9 (900Gy), D10 (1000Gy). Terdapat 11 petak percobaan dan menggunakan single plant yang merupakan menaman tanpa adanya ulangan di lingkungan pertanaman yang sama dengan analisis uji t taraf 5% dan 1%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan dosis iradiasi sinar gamma Cobalt-60 mendapatkan nilai Lethal Dose 20 (LD20) sebesar 306,752 Gy dan Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) sebesar 690,92 Gy. Iradiasi sinar gamma Cobalt-60 berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil produksi pada parameter tinggi tanaman, bobot buah dan panjang buah pada mentimun lokal Madura.
This Madura local cucumber has the advantage of having a large shape and savory taste. These local Madura cucumber seeds have special characteristics compared to Javanese cucumbers, namely they contain a lot of water and a lot of seeds. Farmers in Indonesia plant a lot of introduced cucumber varieties because they have larger and uniform fruits, but these seeds cannot be planted again in the next planting period. Therefore, it is necessary to make special efforts to improve the genetic characteristics of seeds in cucumber plants through plant breeding. This study aims to determine and obtain the LD50 value and to determine and obtain the growth yield of local Madura cucumber plants irradiated by Gamma Cobalt-60 rays. This research was conducted in Burneh Village, Burneh District, Bangkalan Regency. The time of the research starts from May 2021 to June 2021. Consists of 11 levels with codes D0 without irradiation (0Gy/control), D1 (100Gy), D2 (200Gy), D3 (300Gy), D4 (400Gy), D5 ( 500Gy), D6 (600Gy), D7 (700Gy), D8 (800Gy), D9 (900Gy), D10 (1000Gy). There are 11 experimental plots and using a single plant which is a plant without replication in the same planting environment with T-test analysis at 5% and 1% levels. The results showed that the Cobalt-60 gamma ray irradiation dose obtained a Lethal Dose 20 (LD20) of 306.752 Gy and a Lethal Dose of 50 (LD50) of 690.92 Gy. Cobalt-60 gamma ray irradiation affects the growth and yield of plant height, fruit weight and fruit length parameters on Madura local cucumbers.
For many thermal reactions, the effects of catalysis or the influence of solvents on reaction rates can be rationalized by simple transition state models. This is not the case for reactions ...controlled by quantum tunneling, which do not proceed via transition states, and therefore lack the simple concept of transition state stabilization. 1H-Bicyclo3.1.0-hexa-3,5-dien-2-one is a highly strained cyclopropene that rearranges to 4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene via heavy-atom tunneling. H2O, CF3I, or BF3 form Lewis acid–base complexes with both reactant and product, and the influence of these intermolecular complexes on the tunneling rates for this rearrangement was studied. The tunneling rate increases by a factor of 11 for the H2O complex, by 23 for the CF3I complex, and is too fast to be measured for the BF3 complex. These observations agree with quantum chemical calculations predicting a decrease in both barrier height and barrier width upon complexation with Lewis acids, resulting in the observed Lewis acid catalysis of the tunneling rearrangement.
For many thermal reactions, the effects of catalysis or the influence of solvents on reaction rates can be rationalized by simple transition state models. This is not the case for reactions ...controlled by quantum tunneling, which do not proceed via transition states, and therefore lack the simple concept of transition state stabilization. 1 H -Bicyclo3.1.0-hexa-3,5-dien-2-one is a highly strained cyclopropene that rearranges to 4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene via heavy-atom tunneling. H 2 O, CF 3 I, or BF 3 form Lewis acid–base complexes with both reactant and product, and the influence of these intermolecular complexes on the tunneling rates for this rearrangement was studied. The tunneling rate increases by a factor of 11 for the H 2 O complex, by 23 for the CF 3 I complex, and is too fast to be measured for the BF 3 complex. These observations agree with quantum chemical calculations predicting a decrease in both barrier height and barrier width upon complexation with Lewis acids, resulting in the observed Lewis acid catalysis of the tunneling rearrangement.
Molecular Landscape of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Carreras-Dieguez, Núria; Guerrero, José; Rodrigo-Calvo, Maria Teresa ...
International journal of molecular sciences,
07/2021, Letnik:
22, Številka:
13
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) is a rare malignancy with dual pathogenesis, Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated and HPV-independent, with a poorly explored molecular landscape. We aimed to ...summarize the findings of the series analyzing molecular hallmarks of this neoplasm. In January 2021, we conducted a comprehensive literature search using Pubmed Medline and Scopus to identify publications focused on genomic profiling of VSCC. Observational studies, including both prospective and retrospective designs, evaluating molecular alterations in VSCC were deemed eligible. A total of 14 studies analyzing 749 VSCC were identified. The study series were heterogeneous in HPV testing and sequencing strategies, included small sets of tumors and cancer genes, and commonly lacked survival analysis. Only one extensive targeted next-generation sequencing-based study comprised a large cohort of 280 VSCC. The mutated genes, their number, and frequencies were highly variable between the series. Overall, TP53 and CDKN2A, followed by PIK3CA, HRAS, and PTEN, were the most frequently studied and mutated genes. Mutations involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, including TP53, HRAS, KRAS, and PIK3CA, have been consistently reported across the studies. However, the role of individual mutations or pathways in the development of VSCC remains unclear. In conclusion, heterogeneity and the small sample size of available molecular series contribute to a limited view of the molecular landscape of VSCC. Large-scale genome- or exome-wide studies with robust HPV testing are necessary to improve the molecular characterization of VSCC.
Introducción: El infarto agudo de miocardio en jóvenes ha ido en aumento conforme han pasado los años, el cual se ha visto relacionado al consumo de ciertas sustancias que han ocasionado una ...obstrucción del flujo sanguíneo de una arteria coronaria llevando así a algunos jóvenes a presentar una muerte prematura. Objetivo: Analizar el infarto agudo de miocardio en personas jóvenes con adicciones. Métodos: Mediante una revisión sistemática se pudo emplear un estudio en base a una estructura IMRYD, la cual se describe por medio de la metodología prisma, tomando en cuenta que se hará uso de estudios originales, de incidencia y revisión bibliográfica. En la búsqueda de selección se implementó 4 fases mediante un proceso de selección y búsqueda adecuada logrando así obtener artículos para dicho estudio. Resultados: Mediante el análisis de estudios realizados, existen algunos factores asociados que han incrementado la prevalencia de IAM en población joven, en los cuales incluyen las sustancias ilícitas que van a tener un efecto inmediato en las personas consumidoras de estas, llevando así a presentar una posible muerte prematura. Conclusiones: El IAM en jóvenes ha presentado un incremento notable en los últimos años implicando un mayor porcentaje del 18% comparado con un 9% en personas avanzadas, este infarto está relacionado a varios factores como el consumo de sustancias ilícita.
The primary gene mutated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A is mitofusin-2 (Mfn2). Mfn2 encodes a mitochondrial protein that participates in the maintenance of the mitochondrial network and that ...regulates mitochondrial metabolism and intracellular signaling. The potential for regulation of human Mfn2 gene expression in vivo is largely unknown. Based on the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin-resistant conditions, we have examined whether Mfn2 expression is dysregulated in skeletal muscle from obese or nonobese type 2 diabetic subjects, whether muscle Mfn2 expression is regulated by body weight loss, and the potential regulatory role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha or interleukin-6. We show that mRNA concentration of Mfn2 is decreased in skeletal muscle from both male and female obese subjects. Muscle Mfn2 expression was also reduced in lean or in obese type 2 diabetic patients. There was a strong negative correlation between the Mfn2 expression and the BMI in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. A positive correlation between the Mfn2 expression and the insulin sensitivity was also detected in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. To determine the effect of weight loss on Mfn2 mRNA expression, six morbidly obese subjects were subjected to weight loss by bilio-pancreatic diversion. Mean expression of muscle Mfn2 mRNA increased threefold after reduction in body weight, and a positive correlation between muscle Mfn2 expression and insulin sensitivity was again detected. In vitro experiments revealed an inhibitory effect of TNFalpha or interleukin-6 on Mfn2 expression in cultured cells. We conclude that body weight loss upregulates the expression of Mfn2 mRNA in skeletal muscle of obese humans, type 2 diabetes downregulates the expression of Mfn2 mRNA in skeletal muscle, Mfn2 expression in skeletal muscle is directly proportional to insulin sensitivity and is inversely proportional to the BMI, TNFalpha and interleukin-6 downregulate Mfn2 expression and may participate in the dysregulation of Mfn2 expression in obesity or type 2 diabetes, and the in vivo modulation of Mfn2 mRNA levels is an additional level of regulation for the control of muscle metabolism and could provide a molecular mechanism for alterations in mitochondrial function in obesity or type 2 diabetes.
To estimate the prevalence of post-vaccination seropositivity against SARS-CoV-2 and identify its predictors in Peruvian Social Health Insurance (EsSalud) personnel in 2021.
We conducted a ...cross-sectional study in a representative simple stratified sample of EsSalud workers. We evaluated IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies response (seropositivity) by passive (previous infection) and active immunization (vaccination), and epidemiological and occupational variables obtained by direct interview and a data collection form. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used with correction of sample weights adjusted for non-response rate, and crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and geometric mean ratio (GMR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated.
We enrolled 1077 subjects. Seropositivity was 67.4% (95%CI: 63.4–71.1). Predictors of seropositivity were age (negative relation; p < 0.001), previous infection (aOR = 11.7; 95%CI: 7.81–17.5), working in COVID-19 area (aOR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.02–2.11) and time since the second dose. In relation to antibody levels measured by geometric means, there was an association between male sex (aGMR = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.74–0.80), age (negative relation; p < 0.001), previous infection (aGMR = 13.1; 95%CI:4.99–34.40), non-face-to-face/licensed work modality (aGMR = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.73–0.84), being a nursing technician (aGMR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.20–1.41), working in administrative areas (aGMR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.10–1.25), diagnostic support (aGMR = 1.07; 95%CI: 1.01–1.15), critical care (aGMR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.79–0.93), and in a COVID-19 area (aGMR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.24–1.36) and time since receiving the second dose (negative relation; p < 0.001).
Seropositivity and antibody levels decrease as the time since receiving the second dose increases. Older age and no history of previous infection were associated with lower seropositivity and antibody values. These findings may be useful for sentinel antibody surveillance and the design of booster dose strategies.
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