El presente artículo de revisión tiene por objeto analizar la nueva Ley 30407 «Ley de Protección y Bienestar Animal en el Perú», fundamentada en la necesidad del país de establecer una ley que ...promueva la defensa y garantice la protección y bienestar de los animales sin distinción de especie, así como la conservación de la biodiversidad. Asimismo, se brindan alcances de leyes similares promulgadas en otros países del continente americano y sugerencias necesarias de ser implementadas a futuro en un corto o mediano plazo.
Kidney transplant for patients with lupus nephritis (LN) has satisfactory outcomes in studies with short-term or mid-term follow up. Nevertheless, information about long-term outcomes is scarce. We ...performed a retrospective matched-pair cohort study in 74 LN recipients compared with 148 non-LN controls matched by age, sex, immunosuppressive treatment, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matches, and transplant period in order to evaluate long-term outcomes of kidney transplant in LN recipients. Matched pairs were predominantly females (83%), median age at transplant surgery of 32 years (interquartile range 23–38 years), and 66% received a graft from a living related donor. Among LN recipients, 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year graft survival was 81%, 79%, 57% and 51%, respectively, and it was similar to that observed in controls (89%, 78%, 64%, and 56%, respectively). Graft loss (27% vs. 21%, p = 0.24) and overall survival (p = 0.15) were not different between LN recipients and controls. Also, there was no difference in episodes of immunological rejection, thrombosis, or infection. Only six LN recipients had biopsy-proven lupus recurrence and three of them had graft loss. In a cohort with a long follow up of kidney transplant recipients, LN recipients had similar long-term graft survival and overall outcomes compared with non-lupus recipients when predictors are matched between groups.
Bell pepper presents rapid weight loss and is highly susceptible to gray mold caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The most employed method to control this disease is the application of synthetic ...fungicides such as thiabendazole (TBZ); however, its continued use causes resistance in fungi as well as environmental problems. For these reasons, natural alternatives arise as a more striking option. Currently, bell pepper fruits are coated with carnauba wax (CW) to prevent weight loss and improve appearance. Moreover, CW can be used as a carrier to incorporate essential oils, and previous studies have shown that thyme essential oil (TEO) is highly effective against B. cinerea. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of CW combined with TEO on the development of gray mold and maintenance of microestructural and postharvest quality in bell pepper stored at 13°C. The minimal inhibitory concentration of TEO was 0.5%. TEO and TBZ provoked the leakage of intracellular components. TEO and CW + TEO treatments were equally effective to inhibit the development of gray mold. On the quality parameters, firmness and weight loss were ameliorated with CW and CW + TEO treatments; whereas lightness increased in these treatments. The structural analysis showed that CW + TEO treatment maintained the cell structure reducing the apparition of deformities. The results suggest that CW + TEO treatment could be used as a natural and effective antifungal retarding the appearance of gray mold and maintaining the postharvest quality of bell pepper.
Practical Application
CW and TEO are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This combination can be employed on the bell pepper packaging system to extend shelf life and oppose gray mold developments. Bell pepper fruits are normally coated with lipid‐base coatings such as CW before commercialization; therefore, TEO addition would represent a small investment without any changes on the packaging system infrastructure.
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•Moderate electric field (MEF) treatments enhance mass transfer in salmon salting.•The use of an MEF increased the equilibrium salt concentration in salmon tissue.•The diffusion ...process was shown to be anomalous (non Fickian) and subdiffusive.•The fractional order varied with the MEF strength and salt concentration.
Salting is one of the oldest methods of preserving food. The main limitation of salting is its extended processing time due to slow salt diffusion. A moderate electric field (MEF) can improve the mass transfer rate through electroporation. Regularly, mass transfer processes are modeled with Fick’s second law. However, due to the anisotropic nature of food microstructures, it might be more appropriate to use an anomalous model.
The main objective of this study was to search for a phenomenological explanation for salt and water diffusion in the salmon brining process coupled with MEF.
Salmon fillets were cut into finite cylinders (0.025 × 0.025 m) and brined in two salt concentrations (6 and 24% w/w NaCl) at 6 °C for 20 h. MEFs were applied in the range of 0 to 2 V/cm. The salt and water contents of the salmon were measured during the process. Fick’s second law and anomalous model based on fractional calculus were used to describe the diffusion phenomena.
The results showed that an MEF tended to reduce the brining processing time and increase the salt content of salmon. This effect is predominantly due to an increase in the equilibrium salt concentration in the salmon tissue. Mathematical analysis shows that the anomalous diffusion model is more suitable for representing the brining process, exhibiting superdiffusion behavior (α > 1).
An MEF accelerates the salt mass transfer into salmon tissue even at lower temperatures, significantly reducing the processing time. In addition, the diffusion process can be characterized with an anomalous model.
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•Understand the powder flow behavior within the feed frame.•The feed frame can affect the critical quality attributes of the tablets.•The operating conditions in the feed frame define ...of tablet weight and the tablet weight variability.•The feed frame ia an excellent unit to in-line monitoring the drug concentration.
The feed frame is a force-feeding device used in the die filling process. The die filling process is crucial within pharmaceutical manufacturing to guarantee the critical quality attributes of the tablets. In recent years, interest in this unit has increased because it can affect the properties of the powder blend and tablets, and because of the success in real time monitoring of powder blend uniformity potential for Process Analytical Technology as described in this review. The review focuses on the recent advances in understanding the powder flow behavior inside the feed frame and how the residence time distribution of the powder within the feed frame is affected by the operating conditions and design parameters. Furthermore, this review also highlights the effect of the paddle wheel design and feed frame process parameters on the tablet weight, the principal variable for measuring die filling performance.
Hot water treatment (HT) has proved to alleviate chilling injury (CI) in bell pepper and other Solanaceae species, this has been associated with the presence of metabolites such as sugars and ...polyamines, which protect the plasmatic membrane. However, it is unknown if the phenolic compounds in bell pepper play a role in the CI tolerance induced by the application of a HT. The aim of this study was to identify the specific phenolics associated with induced CI tolerance in bell pepper by HT (53 °C, 1 to 3 min). Fruit treated for 1 min (HT‐1 min) exhibited CI tolerance (the lowest symptom development, electrolyte leakage, and vitamin C loss) and was the chosen treatment for further experiments. The phenolic composition was affected by HT‐1 min and CI. Phenolics presented a strong correlation with the antioxidant activity. In fruit with CI tolerance, the concentration of seven compounds was increased, being quercetin‐O‐rhamnoside‐O‐hexoside and chlorogenic acid the most remarkable. Quercetin‐3‐O‐rhamnoside was accumulated only in fruit with induced tolerance, meanwhile orientin was particularly sensitive to heat and cold exposure. Thus, HT‐1 min (53 °C, 1 min) is a useful technology to induce CI tolerance in bell pepper and such tolerance is associated with the phenolic composition that may reduce the prevalence of oxidative stress during the storage under CI conditions.
Practical Application
Phenolics induced by CI and HT may be useful to detect early stages of heat and chilling injuries in bell pepper and prevent the negative effect of such stresses even before its harvest and during commercial storage. Additionally, the phenolics associated with CI tolerance may be used as markers in breeding programs to create new chilling resistant cultivars.
Anthocyanin accumulation and expression analysis of biosynthesis-related genes during chili pepper fruit development Aza-Gonzales, C., Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Irapuato (Mexico). Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados; Herrera-Isidron, L., Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Irapuato (Mexico). Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados; Nunez-Palenius, H.G., Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Irapuato (Mexico). Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados ...
Biologia plantarum,
03/2013, Letnik:
57, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Chili pepper cv. Arbol and Uvilla fruits differing in anthocyanin contents were analyzed to characterize the accumulation patterns. The maximum accumulation of the aglycon delphinidin occurred 20 ...days postanthesis (DPA) with higher content in Uvilla than in Arbol fruits. Regarding the cDNA library, 9 186 cDNA clones were selected. The clones with high homology to genes concerning anthocyanin biosynthesis, such as encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), UDP Glc-flavonoid 3-O-gluco-syl transferase (UFGT), and also those possibly involved in anthocyanin transport into the vacuoles, an anthocyanin permease (ANP) and a glutathione S-transferase (GST) were used for gene expression analysis. In general, the expression of all investigated genes was developmentally regulated in both Arbol and Uvilla. CHS and CHI transcripts were expressed at the maximal level at 10 DPA, and then consistently declined throughout fruit development. F3′5′H, DFR, UFGT and GST expression exhibited a positive correlation with anthocyanin accumulation, and the highest transcript levels were detected prior to or by the time of maximum anthocyanin accumulation, depending on the chili pepper type. Pericarp fruit tissues from cv. Tampiqueno 74, an anthocyanin non-accumulator, also showed CHS, CHI, F3H, ANS and ANP expression at some developmental stages.
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Blend uniformity was monitored throughout a continuous manufacturing (CM) process by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic measurements of flowing blends and compared to the drug ...concentration in the tablets. The NIR spectra were obtained through the chute after the blender and within the feed frame, while transmission spectra were obtained for the tablets. The CM process was performed with semi-fine acetaminophen blends at 10.0% (w/w). The blender was operated at 250 RPM, for best performance, and 106 and 495 rpm where a lower mixing efficiency was expected. The variation in blender RPM increased the variation in drug concentration at the chute but not at the feed frame. Statistical results show that the drug concentration of tablets can be predicted, with great accuracy, from blends within the feed frame. This study demonstrated a mixing effect within the feed frame, which contribute to a 60% decrease in the relative standard deviation of the drug concentration, when compared to the chute. Variographic analysis showed that the minimum sampling and analytical error was five times less in the feed frame than the chute. This study demonstrates that the feed frame is an ideal location for monitoring the drug concentration of powder blends for CM processes.
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