Aim: The frog genus Rheobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) is endemic to mid-elevations in the Colombian Andes. Our aim was to evaluate the role of the northern Andean high peaks and the low Magdalena ...Valley in creating barriers to dispersal and promoting vicariance within Rheobates. Location: Three disjunct mid-elevation flanks of the northern Colombian Andes: the eastern and western flanks of the Eastern Cordillera, separated by high mountain peaks, and the eastern flank of the Central Cordillera, separated from the Eastern Cordillera by the arid Magdalena Valley. Methods: We analysed mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from 37 individuals of Rheobates to infer their phylogenetic relationships, divergence times and ancestral areas. We used species distribution models to test the role of climatic variables in determining the present geographical boundaries of the species. Results: The phylogeny of Rheobates is largely predicted by geography, with one population from the eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera sharing a most recent common ancestor with all other Rheobates 21 million years ago (Ma; 95% credible interval 31-10 Ma). Populations in the Central Cordillera were monophyletic, isolated across the Magdalena Valley with a divergence time estimated at 13 Ma (19-7 Ma). We also detected one recent crossing of the Eastern Cordillera, along with unanticipated latitudinal phylogeographical structure within the western flank of the Eastern Cordillera. Environmental niche tests indicated that the Magdalena Valley and the high peaks of the Eastern Cordillera are significant environmental barriers for Rheobates populations. Main conclusions: Diversification in Rheobates coincided with the early Miocene uplift of Colombia's Eastern Cordillera and the hypothesized onset of aridity in the Magdalena Valley during the middle Miocene. Our study offers broad support for the classic mountain orogeny model of vicariant divergence, but suggests that lowland habitat heterogeneity also played a long-term role in promoting vicariance, despite a long history of palaeoclimatic fluctuations.
Se describen las larvas de dos especies de la familia Centrolenidae (Hyalinobatrachium ibama y Cochranella daidalea) procedentes del flanco occidental de la cordillera Oriental en el departamento de ...Norte de Santander, Colombia. En la descripción de las larvas, además de las características morfológicas tradicionales, se incorporaron nuevos elementos de juicio como la longitud del tubo cloacal, la forma del rostro, el patrón de color y la posición del espiráculo, los cuales resultaron ser informativos y muy útiles en la diferenciación de las especies. Se proporciona una discusión acerca de la validez taxonómica de algunos de los caracteres morfológicos empleados usualmente en las descripciones y comparaciones de los renacuajos de la familia Centrolenidae.We describe herein the larvae of two species of the family Centrolenidae (Hyalinobatrachium ibama and Cochranella daidalea) from the Department of Norte de Santander on the western flank of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. In order to provide an adequate description, we incorporate new elements such as: vent-tube length, snout shape, color pattern and spiracle position. A discussion about the taxonomic validity of some tadpole morphological characteristics traditionally used in descriptions and comparisons of the family Centrolenidae is provided.
Se describen las larvas de dos especies de la familia Centrolenidae (Hyalinobatrachium ibama y Cochranella daidalea) procedentes del flanco occidental de la cordillera Oriental en el departamento de ...Norte de Santander, Colombia. En la descripción de las larvas, además de las características morfológicas tradicionales, se incorporaron nuevos elementos de juicio como la longitud del tubo cloacal, la forma del rostro, el patrón de color y la posición del espiráculo, los cuales resultaron ser informativos y muy útiles en la diferenciación de las especies. Se proporciona una discusión acerca de la validez taxonómica de algunos de los caracteres morfológicos empleados usualmente en las descripciones y comparaciones de los renacuajos de la familia Centrolenidae.
Immunoglobulins are heterodimeric proteins composed of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains. Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a plasma derivative and contains more than 95% of IgG. The composition of IgG ...subclasses is similar to that of normal human plasma. Immunoglobulin therapy was first introduced more than 50 years ago, and its use has been described in numerous diseases. In Colombia, the importance of this immunomodulatory resource prompted the need for clinical practice guidelines to be available for its use. For this reason, a multidisciplinary group of experts was brought together and distributed in working groups, by specialties, in order to develop an initial manuscript. Systematic literature searches were undertaken; identified evidences were evaluated and classified to support a preliminary draft that was discussed, analyzed and amended. Recommendations were issued on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in pathologies that include primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseas es, neurological disorders, infections, transplants and miscellaneous conditions; grades were assigned to each one of them according to the GRADE system. The final result translated into recommendations that are put forth with the purpose to inform, guide and support on optimal use of this immunomodulatory resource.
This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of maternal deaths associated with COVID-19 registered in a collaborative Latin-American multi-country database.
This was an observational ...study implemented from March 1st 2020 to November 29th 2021 in eight Latin American countries. Information was based on the Perinatal Information System from the Latin American Center for Perinatology, Women and Reproductive Health. We summarized categorical variables as frequencies and percentages and continuous variables into median with interquartile ranges.
We identified a total of 447 deaths. The median maternal age was 31 years. 86·4% of women were infected antepartum, with most of the cases (60·3%) detected in the third trimester of pregnancy. The most frequent symptoms at first consultation and admission were dyspnea (73·0%), fever (69·0%), and cough (59·0%). Organ dysfunction was reported in 90·4% of women during admission. A total of 64·8% women were admitted to critical care for a median length of eight days. In most cases, the death occurred during the puerperium, with a median of seven days between delivery and death. Preterm delivery was the most common perinatal complication (76·9%) and 59·9% were low birth weight.
This study describes the characteristics of maternal deaths in a comprehensive multi-country database in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Barriers faced by Latin American pregnant women to access intensive care services when required were also revealed. Decision-makers should strengthen severity awareness, and referral strategies to avoid potential delays.
Latin American Center for Perinatology, Women and Reproductive Health.
Las inmunoglobulinas son proteínas heterodiméricas compuestas de 2 cadenas pesadas y 2 cadenas ligeras. La inmunoglobulina G humana es un derivado del plasma y contiene más de 95 % de IgG. La ...composición de las subclases de IgG es similar a la del plasma humano normal. El tratamiento con inmunoglobulina comenzó hace más de 50 años y su uso se ha descrito en numerosas enfermedades. En Colombia, la importancia de este recurso inmunomodulador condujo a la necesidad de contar con una guía de práctica clínica para su uso, para lo cual se reunió un grupo multidisciplinario de expertos, quienes se distribuyeron en mesas de trabajo, por especialidad, para redactar un texto base. Se llevaron a cabo búsquedas bibliográficas sistemáticas; las evidencias identificadas se valoraron y clasificaron para sustentar un texto preliminar que fue discutido, analizado y corregido. Se emitieron recomendaciones de uso de la inmunoglobulina intravenosa en patologías que abarcan inmunodeficiencias primarias y secundarias, enfermedades autoinmunes, alteraciones neurológicas, infecciones, trasplantes y enfermedades misceláneas; se asignaron calificaciones según el sistema GRADE para cada una. El resultado final se tradujo en las recomendaciones que se presentan con la finalidad de informar, orientar y apoyar en el uso óptimo de dicho recurso inmunomodulador.
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