This study investigated whether the coadministration of vitamin E (VitE) diminishes the harmful effects provoked by plasticizer bisphenol S (BPS) in the serum metabolites related to hepatic and renal ...metabolism, as well as the endocrine pancreatic function in diabetic male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five groups (
= 5-6); the first group was healthy rats (Ctrl group). The other four groups were diabetic rats induced with 45 mg/kg bw of streptozotocin: Ctrl-D (diabetic control); VitE-D (100 mg/kg bw/d of VitE); BPS-D (100 mg/kg bw/d of BPS); The animals from the VitE + BPS-D group were administered 100 mg/kg bw/d of VitE + 100 mg/kg bw/d of BPS. All compounds were administered orally for 30 days. Body weight, biochemical assays, urinalysis, glucose tolerance test, pancreas histopathology, proximate chemical analysis in feces, and the activity of antioxidants in rat serum were assessed. The coadministration of VitE + BPS produced weight losses, increases in 14 serum analytes, and degeneration in the pancreas. Therefore, the VitE + BPS coadministration did not have a protective effect versus the harmful impact of BPS or the diabetic metabolic state; on the contrary, it partially aggravated the damage produced by the BPS. VitE is likely to have an additive effect on the toxicity of BPS.
The intake of high concentrations of fluoride, mainly through drinking water, diet and fluoridated dentifrices, produces fluorosis, which in its early stages is manifested as dental fluorosis (DF). ...To recognize exposure to fluoride in endemic areas and to evaluate the risk of developing health impairment, the WHO has established several biomarkers that are used to determine systemic fluorine (F
−
) exposure. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between the severity of DF and fluoride biomarkers in endemic areas. The protocol of this study was previously registered as CRD42021244974. A digital search was carried out in PubMed/Medline, SpringerLink, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar by employing the keywords “urine”, “nails”, “hair”, “plasma”, “saliva” and “dental fluorosis” for the original studies with content associated with F
−
for the biomarkers and DF. The mean difference was established as the effect measure for the meta-analysis. Seven studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria, among which five assessed urine and two employed nails as fluoride biomarkers. A positive significant difference was found between the biomarkers and the severity of DF (0.27,
p
< 0.001) and individually for each biomarker (urine: 0.14,
p
= 0.001; nails: 0.88,
p
< 0.05). The F
−
concentration in urine and nails is correlated with the severity of DF, with the most evident differences between healthy individuals and those with mild severity. Both biomarkers are adequate to assess this relationship in endemic areas of fluoride and DF.
Changes in granulosa cell lysosomal and mitochondrial functions in relation to follicular size and to the stage of atresia were studied by fluorescent emission spectra and intensity using flow ...cytometry. Antral follicles were grouped by size in two groups: small, 3–6
mm and large, >6
mm in diameter, and classified into three stages of atresia: non-atretic, initially atretic and advanced atretic. Differences in Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and Acridine Orange (AO) fluorescent intensity indicated that changes in mitochondrial function are the primary mechanism of granulosa cell death in atretic follicles 3–6
mm in diameter, while its role in granulosa cell death in >6
mm atretic follicles seemed to be less important. However, modifications in lysosomal function (shown by a decrease in fluorometric intensity of AO incubated granulosa cells) were mainly associated with cell death in large atretic follicles. Our results support the hypothesis that the pathway of granulosa cell death during follicular atresia depends on the state of energy metabolism or on the production of hypoxic conditions related to follicular size. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and production of permeability transition pores were the main changes found in small follicles, while lysosomal function destabilization seemed to be the major cause of granulosa cell death during atresia in large follicles.
Apoptosis of granulosa cells during follicular atresia is preceded by oxidative stress, partly due to a drop in the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Under oxidative stress, GSH regeneration is ...dependent on the adequate supply of NADPH by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). In this study, we analyzed the changes of G6PD, GSH, and oxidative stress of granulosa cells and follicular liquid and its association with apoptosis during atresia of small (4-6 mm) and large (>6 mm) sheep antral follicles. G6PD activity was found to be higher in granulosa cells of healthy small rather than large follicles, with similar GSH concentration in both cases. During atresia, increased apoptosis and protein oxidation, as well as a drop in GSH levels, were observed in follicles of both sizes. Furthermore, the activity of G6PD decreased in atretic small follicles, but not in large ones. GSH decreased and protein oxidation increased in follicular fluid. This was dependent on the degree of atresia, whereas the changes in G6PD activity were based on the type of follicle. The higher G6PD activity in the small follicles could be related to granulosa cell proliferation, follicular growth, and a lower sensitivity to oxidative stress when compared with large follicles. The results also indicate that GSH concentration in atretic follicles depends on other factors in addition to G6PD, such as de novo synthesis or activity of other NADPH-producing enzymes. Finally, lower G6PD activity in large follicles indicating a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress associated to apoptosis progression in follicle atresia.
The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of inorganic arsenic (As) in the potable water available to the population to be able to estimate the non-carcinogenic risks for ...underweight children and the carcinogenic risk for adults exposed to As intake who live in the Mezquital municipality, Durango, Mexico.
The As content was quantifed in the water supply sources for human use and its intake was estimated in Mezquital population, southern Durango. With the data obtained, the hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to determine the non-carcinogenic risk to develop chronic systemic effects in underweight children. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference health values estimating As exposure risk are from 0.0003 mg/kg/day (non-carcinogenic) to 1.5 mg/kg/day (carcinogenic risk).
The analyzed waters presented as concentrations that varied from 0.3 to 10.2 µg/L, with a mean of 7.35 µg/L (CI 95% 6.27-8.38). The exposure dose was 0.4 to 1.36, and the HQ was 1.90 to 6.48 mg/kg/day, the estimated carcinogenic risk from adults varied from 1.28 to 4.37E
, with values of 3.74-4.37E
mg/kg/day in central area.
The children are at risk to develop chronic systemic effects due to ingestion of As from water.
Aquaculture is an industry in development around the world that allows covering the nutritional demand with a high nutritional value. Within this industry, monosex crops of some species, such as the ...Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), stand out. In this study, the effect of the administration of 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol and 17alpha-methyltestosterone on the morphometry of Nile tilapia at different times was evaluated. Nile tilapia were raised under controlled conditions and divided into three groups: control: no hormone treatment; feminized: treated with 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol and masculinized: treated with 17alpha-methyltestosterone. The measurements were made at 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days after fertilization with the morphometric technique "truss protocol." The data were analyzed using a general linear model of repeated measurements and analysis of variance of comparison of means. The growth curve was made using the Gompertz logistic model. The results showed that the masculinized larva presented a higher growth rate and increased daily gain of weight 2.05.sup.-3 mg compared to the controls and feminized 1.67.sup.-3 mg and 7.57.sup.-4 mg, respectively. The sexual reversion of Nile tilapia with 17 alpha-methyltestosterone increases the growth curve of the masculinized organism and the uniformity of the final size.
Existen diferencias anatómico-funcionales importantes entre los hipotálamos de las ratas machos y hembras, las cuales son reguladas por esteroides sexuales durante un periodo crítico del desarrollo ...hipotalámico, especialmente por el estradiol; por ejemplo, en la rata macho, el núcleo dimórfico sexual del área preóptica es seis veces más grande que en la hembra, y en el núcleo arqueado de la hembra son más abundantes las conexiones sinápticas que en los machos. En este estudio se investigaron algunas diferencias entre machos y hembras en la expresión de genes relacionados con la apoptosis, neurogénesis y sinaptogénesis en ratas de 4 h de nacidas, además se evaluó el efecto de la administración temprana de propionato de testosterona (PT) a hembras y tamoxifen (Tx) a machos, sobre el patrón de expresión del grupo de genes referidos, para lo cual se usó un análisis con microarreglos de DNA, combinado con qPCR; se encontraron diferencias en la expresión de los genes en hipotálamos de hembras y machos. En las hembras, hubo una mayor expresión de genes relacionados con la apoptosis: IL-24, Smpd3, Tpa, Pp4, Map3k1, Pge y Naca3; con la diferenciación celular, Neurod2, Zic1 y Epo y con la sinapsis y el control del ciclo celular; Syt7, Tgfbr1, Ptf1a y Cox2. También se muestra que la aplicación de Tx en los machos provocó un patrón de expresión génica similar al de las hembras testigo, mientras que el PT en las hembras no modificó la expresión de genes.
Aquaculture is an industry in development around the world that allows covering the nutritional demand with a high nutritional value. Within this industry, monosex crops of some species, such as the ...Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), stand out. In this study, the effect of the administration of 17a-ethinyl estradiol and 17a-methyltestosterone on the morphometry of Nile tilapia at different times was evaluated. Nile tilapia were raised under controlled conditions and divided into three groups: control: no hormone treatment; feminized: treated with 17a-ethynyl estradiol and masculinized: treated with 17a-methyltestosterone. The measurements were made at 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days after fertilization with the morphometric technique "truss protocol." The data were analyzed using a general linear model of repeated measurements and analysis of variance of comparison of means. The growth curve was made using the Gompertz logistic model. The results showed that the masculinized larva presented a higher growth rate and increased daily gain of weight 2.05-2 mg compared to the controls and feminized 1.67-3 mg and 7.57-4 mg, respectively. The sexual reversion of Nile tilapia with 17 a-methyltestosterone increases the growth curve of the masculinized organism and the uniformity of the final size.
Pancreatic β-cell death in type 2 diabetes has been related to p53 subcellular localisation and phosphorylation. However, the mechanisms by which p53 is phosphorylated and its activation in response ...to oxidative stress remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate mitochondrial p53 phosphorylation, its subcellular localisation and its relationship with apoptotic induction in RINm5F cells cultured under high glucose conditions. Our results show that p53 phosphorylation in the mitochondrial fraction was greater at ser392 than at ser15. This increased phosphorylation correlated with an increase in reactive oxygen species, a decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a release of cytochrome
c
and an increase in the rate of apoptosis. We also observed a decline in ERK 1/2 phosphorylation over time, which is an indicator of cell proliferation. To identify the kinase responsible for phosphorylating p53, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was analysed. We found that high glucose induced an increase in p38 MAPK phosphorylation in the mitochondria after 24–72 h. Moreover, the phosphorylation of p53 (ser392) by p38 MAPK in mitochondria was confirmed by colocalisation studies with confocal microscopy. The addition of a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) to the culture medium during high glucose treatment blocked p53 mobilisation to the mitochondria and phosphorylation; thus, the release of cytochrome
c
and the apoptosis rate in RINm5F cells decreased. These results suggest that mitochondrial p53 phosphorylation by p38 MAPK plays an important role in RINm5F cell death under high glucose conditions.
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