We examined the perceived effects of leave from work among employed parents of children with special health care needs.
Telephone interviews were conducted from November 2003 to January 2004 with 585 ...parents who had missed 1 or more workdays for their child's illness in the previous year.
Most parents reported positive effects of leave on their child's physical (81%) and emotional (85%) health; 57% reported a positive effect on their own emotional health, although 24% reported a negative effect. Most parents reported no effect (44%) or a negative effect (42%) on job performance; 73% reported leave-related financial problems. In multivariate analyses, parents receiving full pay during leave were more likely than were parents receiving no pay to report positive effects on child physical (odds ratio OR = 1.85) and emotional (OR = 1.68) health and parent emotional health (OR = 1.70), and were less likely to report financial problems (OR = 0.20).
Employed parents believed that leave-taking benefited the health of their children with special health care needs and their own emotional health, but compromised their job performance and finances. Parents who received full pay reported better consequences across the board. Access to paid leave, particularly with full pay, may improve parent and child outcomes.
Aging and ethanol metabolism Vestal, Robert E.; McGuire, Elizabeth A.; Tobin, Jordan D. ...
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics,
March 1977, Letnik:
21, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The effect of aging on the distribution and elimination of ethanol was studied in a group of 50 healthy subjects ranging in age from 21 to 81 yr (mean, 53.3). Ethanol was administered in a continuous ...1‐hr infusion at a mean rate of 375 mg/m2 body surface area/min (equivalent to a mean dose of 0.57 gm/kg body weight). Serial blood samples for the determination of ethanol concentration were obtained at 15‐ to 30‐min intervals for up to 4 hr post irifusion. Ethanol elimination and distribution were evaluated with the aid of a two‐compartment model. Rates of ethanol elimination were not affected by age. Peak ethanol concentration in blood water at the end of the infusion period was correlated with age (r = 0.55, p ‐ 0.001). Lean body mass and total volume of distribution of the ethanol were negatively correlated with age. The smaller volume of distribution, in association with the decreased lean body mass, most likely explains the higher peak ethanol concentration found in the blood after administration of an ethanol dose on the basis of surface area in the old as compared with the young subjects. This study demonstrates that age‐related changes in body composition are important factors in the study of ethanol metabolism and its pharmacologic effects.
Summary
Purpose
5-imino-13-deoxydoxorubicin (DIDOX; GPX-150) is a doxorubicin analog modified in two locations to prevent formation of cardiotoxic metabolites and reactive oxygen species. Preclinical ...studies have demonstrated anti-cancer activity without cardiotoxicity. A phase I study was performed in order to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of GPX-150 in patients with metastatic solid tumors.
Methods
GPX-150 was administered as an intravenous infusion every 21 days for up to 8 cycles. An accelerated dose escalation was used for the first three treatment groups. The dosing groups were (A) 14 mg/m
2
, (B) 28 mg/m
2
, (C), 56 mg/m
2
, (D) 84 mg/m
2
, (E) 112 mg/m
2
, (F) 150 mg/m
2
, (G) 200 mg/m
2
, and (H) 265 mg/m
2
. Pharmacokinetic samples were drawn during the first 72 h of cycle 1.
Results
The MTD was considered to be reached at the highest dosing level of 265 mg/m
2
since dose reduction was required in 5 of 6 patients for neutropenia. The most frequent adverse events were neutropenia, anemia, fatigue, and nausea. No patients experienced cardiotoxicity while on the study. The best overall response was stable disease in four (20 %) patients. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed an AUC of 8.0 (±2.6) μg · h/mL, a clearance of 607 (±210) mL/min/m
2
and a t
1/2β
of 13.8 (±4.6) hours.
Conclusions
GPX-150 administered every 21 days has an acceptable side effect profile and no cardiotoxicity was observed. Further investigation is needed to determine the efficacy of GPX-150 in anthracycline-sensitive malignancies.
Treatment of two human leukemia cell lines with 1.25% dimethyl sulfoxide at 37 degrees C results in a rapid increase in the number of transferrin receptors on the cell surface detected by ...fluorescein-labeled anti-transferrin receptor antibodies. Both HL-60 cells, a human myeloid cell line, and K562 cells, a human erythroid-myeloid cell line, showed a 25-65% increase in cell surface transferrin binding in parallel experiments. Scatchard plot analysis of the data indicates that the number of receptors increases while the affinity of transferrin for the receptor remains the same. This rapid increase in the number of receptors at the cell surface appears to be due to a slowing of endocytosis rather than an increase in externalization of the receptor.
In 2004, California's Paid Family Leave Insurance Program (PFLI) became the first state program to provide paid leave to care for an ill family member.
To assess awareness and use of the program by ...employed parents of children with special health care needs, a population likely to need leave.
Telephone interviews with successive cohorts of employed parents before (November 21, 2003-January 31, 2004; n = 754) and after (November 18, 2005-January 31, 2006; n = 766) PFLI began, randomly sampled from 2 children's hospitals, one in California (with PFLI) and the other in Illinois (without PFLI). Response rates were 82% before and 81% after (California), and 80% before and 74% after (Illinois).
Taking leave, length of leave, unmet need for leave, and awareness and use of PFLI.
Similar percentages of parents at the California site reported taking at least 1 day of leave to care for their ill child before (295 81%) and after (327 79%) PFLI, taking at least 4 weeks before (64 21%) and after (74 19%) PFLI, and at least once in the past year not missing work despite believing their child's illness necessitated it before (152 41%) and after (156 41%) PFLI. Relative to Illinois, parents at the California site reported no change from before to after PFLI in taking at least 1 day of leave (difference of differences, -3%; 95% confidence interval CI, -13% to 7%); taking at least 4 weeks of leave (1%; 95% CI, -9% to 10%); or not missing work, despite believing their child's illness necessitated it (-1%; 95% CI, -13% to 10%). Only 77 parents (18%) had heard of PFLI approximately 18 months after the program began, and only 20 (5%) had used it. Even among parents without other access to paid leave, awareness and use of PFLI were minimal.
Parents of children with special health care needs receiving care at a California hospital were generally unaware of PFLI and rarely used it. Among parents of children with special health care needs, taking leave in California did not increase after PFLI implementation compared with Illinois.
This research addressed the effect of mineral and organic soil constituents on the fate of organic compounds in soils. Specifically, it sought to determine how the associations between organic ...chemicals and different soil constituents affect their subsequent biodegradation in soil. Four 14C-labeled surfactants were aseptically adsorbed to montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite, sand, and humic acids. These complexes were mixed with a woodlot soil, and 14CO2 production was measured over time. The mineralization data were fitted to various production models by nonlinear regression, and a mixed (3/2)-order model was found to most accurately describe the mineralization patterns. Different mineralization patterns were observed as a function of the chemical and soil constituents. Surfactants that had been preadsorbed to sand or kaolinite usually showed similar mineralization kinetics to the control treatments, in which the surfactants were added to the soil as an aqueous solution. Surfactants that had been bound to illite or montmorillonite were typically degraded to lesser extents than the other forms, while surfactant humic acid complexes were degraded more slowly than the other forms. The desorption coefficients (Kd) of the soil constituent-bound surfactants were negatively correlated with the initial rates of degradation (k1) and estimates of 14CO2 yield (P0) as well as actual total yields of 14CO2. However, there was no relationship between Kd and second-stage zero-order rates of mineralization (k0). Microbial community characteristics (biomass and activity) were not correlated with any of the mineralization kinetic parameters. Overall, this study showed that environmental form had a profound effect on the ultimate fate of biodegradable chemicals in soil. This form is defined by the physicochemical characteristics of the chemical, the composition and mineralogy of the soil, and the mode of entry of the chemical into the soil environment
Phosphorous fertilization of a pristine tundra river for four consecutive summers dramatically changed biological processes and populations at all trophic levels. At the primary producer level, both ...algal biomass and productivity increased and cholorophyll accumulated on the river bottom in the first two summers. Diatom community composition changed little in spite of large chorophyll changes. However, an increase in grazing insects prevented chlorophyll buildup in the third and fourth summers. Some microbial processes were also stimulated by the increased photosynthesis caused by fertilization. Total respiration of the epilithon, acetate uptake, and decomposition of lignin monomers were all stimulated but only in light—grown epilithon. When epilithon was grown in the dark in the fertilized region of the river, there was no increased respiration. Also, phosphorous did not stimulate the decompostition of Carex litter. Although insects grew more rapidly in the fertilized section of the river, there were community interactions that kept total insect production from appreciable change. The four most abundant large insects did increase their growth rates in response to phosphorus addition and there were increases in populations of Baetis lapponicus and Brachycentrus americanus. These increases were offset by the decline in abundance of the dominant species, the black fly Prosimulium martini, perhaps caused by competition for space from Brachycentrus. Growth of both young—of—the—year and adult grayling (Thymallus arcticus) was strongly stimulated by phosphorus addition in years 3 and 4 (not tested in years 1 and 2). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope tracers indicated that the measured increases in insect and fish growth were largely attributable to increases in the production of epilithic algae. Overall, the results indicate a strong "bottom—up" response of the riverine food web to additions of the limiting nutrient, phosphorus. The response was modified in later years, however, by a strong "top—down" feedback of insects grazing on epilithic algae and by competitive exclusion of black flies caddisflies.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid in preventing bone loss in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and bone metastases who were receiving androgen deprivation therapy.
...Patients received zoledronic acid 4 mg as a 15-minute infusion every 3 weeks for 1 year. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (L2 to L4) and total hip was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 12 months. Biochemical markers of bone turnover (
N-telopeptide and bone alkaline phosphatase) and serum creatinine levels were evaluated at baseline and during the study. Skeletal-related events were assessed at each study visit.
Of the 221 enrolled patients, 202 and 221 patients were included in the efficacy and safety analyses, respectively. The mean increase in bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and total hip was 7.7% (
P <0.001) and 3.6% (
P <0.001), respectively. Decreases in
N-telopeptide and bone alkaline phosphatase levels were significant and sustained. The median time to the first skeletal-related event was not reached; 11.9% of patients had a skeletal-related event. Arthralgia (20.4%), nausea (14%), fatigue (14%), and back pain (12.2%) were the most common adverse events. Adverse events due to renal function deterioration were infrequent. The mean maximal change in serum creatinine level from baseline was 0.3 mg/dL.
Zoledronic acid administration for 1 year to patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and bone metastases who were receiving androgen deprivation therapy was safe and prevented bone loss, as demonstrated by significant increases in bone mineral density and sustained suppression of biochemical markers of bone turnover.
The Revised Uniform Partnership Act of 1994 (RUPA) section 404 establishes a comprehensive definition of partnership fiduciary duties and includes an express recognition of the unique position of a ...partner. The approach taken by RUPA endorses too great an invasion of the principle of freedom of contract among partners, and a change in the language of RUPA is proposed with the goal of expanding freedom of contract without abandoning the requirement of good faith.
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