En la actualidad, la situación sociolingüística de la ciudad de Ceuta es propicia para el estudio de la interacción lingüística entre el árabe vernáculo y la variedad del español hablados en la ...ciudad. Esta realidad no es nueva ya que su localización geográfica ha permitido que durante siglos haya sido punto de encuentro de diferentes lenguas y culturas. En época medieval, Ceuta formó parte del territorio conocido como al-Andalus y, gracias a ello, las huellas lingüísticas del árabe andalusí en la zona fueron importantes. Pero, además, la población autóctona vecina hablaba una variedad del árabe marroquí o del bereber que pudieron ejercer alguna influencia adstrática en la variedad andalusí. El objetivo de este trabajo es llevar a cabo un estudio de dialectología comparada para determinar la posibilidad de la existencia de dos variedades vernáculas diferentes en época medieval en el entorno del estrecho de Gibraltar: el árabe andalusí y el árabe marroquí. Para ello, nos centraremos en una obra literaria que data de la segunda mitad del siglo XII y la compararemos con los datos de otras fuentes andalusíes. Los datos con los que disponemos nos muestran cómo en el siglo XII el árabe marroquí y el andalusí eran dos variedades árabes muy similares pero con diferente evolución dentro del tipo magrebí, y cómo la ciudad de Ceuta era, igual que lo es hoy, el principal territorio donde interaccionan las influencias lingüísticas llegadas de Marruecos y de la península ibérica.
The sociolinguistic situation in Morocco is complex, with a diversity of Arabic varieties that interact daily. Existing linguistic ideologies have created a hierarchical relationship between these ...varieties that has been forged for political and socio-economic reasons. Thus, the variety of Casablanca, the economic capital of the country, leads the linguistic levelling in the country and therefore has more social value, but others have less social value, even reaching stigmatization. This is the case of the northwest Moroccan variety that is stigmatized for most Moroccans, but shapes the collective identity in this region. One of the most important cities in the region is Tetouan, a medium-sized city, where the arrival of influences from other Moroccan varieties has created a new-urban variety and has contributed to shaping a new Tetouan identity. This article focuses on folk metalinguistic discourse on the Tetouan Arabic variety. The purpose is to evaluate the metalinguistic beliefs used by speakers to build a collective identity at local and regional level. To do this, the role of social media as a space for ideological language discussions is shown, and chats posted on a Facebook group are examined as an interactive source of data. Specifically, the focus will be placed on an open chat called “Tetouan”, founded in 2012, and in which people from this city write mainly. The results reveal that the social meanings of the different varieties produce antagonistic ideas about them, depending on the context and the participants in the linguistic interaction.
Las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (en adelante, TIC), se encuentran inmersas a diario en la vida de las personas. Ofrecen una gran variedad de beneficios en los diversos ámbitos de ...nuestra vida y por ello también brindan una serie de ventajas en el ámbito educativo. Mediante su uso y manejo se enriquecen los procesos educativos. Dada la situación de los últimos acontecimientos sanitarios que han condicionado la vida de los centros educativos, el presente estudio tiene como finalidad conocer en qué medida han influido las TIC en los ámbitos profesionales del profesorado que pertenece a los Departamentos de Orientación y Equipos de Orientación Educativa Psicopedagógica. En esta investigación han participado 67 orientadores de la Región de Murcia, a través de un muestreo no probabilístico casual. Se caracteriza por ser un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental de carácter transversal y descriptivo tipo encuesta. Este trabajo da a conocer que los orientadores consideran las TIC como un conjunto de tecnologías ventajosas y favorables para su labor profesional, mostrando así el camino hacia la mejora educativa. No obstante, destacan que, aunque conocen el término TIC y hacen un uso y manejo de estas tecnologías, existen ciertas carencias de formación tecnológica, lo que nos invita a reflexionar sobre la necesidad de formación acerca de las mismas, así como evidencia que las TIC deben aumentar su protagonismo en el ámbito de la Orientación educativa.
The relevance of tumor microenvironment for the development and progression of tumor cells in hematological malignancies has been extensively reported. Identification of factors involved in the ...information exchange between the malignant cells and the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and the knowledge on their functioning may provide important information to eliminate leukemic cells from protective BM niches. We evaluated changes in BM-MSCs obtained from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at different times in the course of disease. Whereas ALL-MSCs did not exhibit phenotypic changes compared to BM-derived MSCs isolated from healthy donors, they exhibited increased adipogenic capacity. In addition, the viability of healthy CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors was significantly reduced when co-cultured with ALL-MSCs. ALL-MSCs grow less efficiently, although gradually recover normal growth with treatment. Accordingly, proliferation is particularly low in MSCs obtained at diagnosis and in the first days of treatment (+15 days), recovering to control levels after 35 days of treatment. Correlating these results with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) production, a molecule demonstrated to affect MSC biology, we found higher production of BMP4 in ALL-MSCs derived from patients over the course of disease but not in those free of leukemia. However, no significant differences in the expression of different members of the BMP4 signaling pathway were observed. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between high levels of BMP4 production in the cultures and MSC proliferation was found, as observed in MSCs derived from patients at diagnosis that produce high BMP4 levels. In addition, co-culturing ALL-MSC with the REH leukemia cell line, but not CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors, powerfully enhanced BMP4 production, suggesting an intimate crosstalk among ALL-MSCs isolated from BM colonized by ALL cells that presumably also occurs in situ conditions. Our data may support the participation of BMP4 in BM niche, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical regulators of immune responses that integrate signals from the innate and adaptive immune system and orchestrate T cell responses toward either immunity or ...tolerance. Growing evidence points to the Wnt signaling pathway as a pivotal piece in the immune balance and focuses on DCs as a direct target for their immunoregulatory role. Our results show that the increase in Wnt5a signaling during the differentiation of human DCs from monocytes alters their phenotype and compromises their subsequent capacity to mature in response to TLR-dependent stimuli. These Wnt5a-DCs produce scant amounts of IL-12p70 and TNF-α but increased levels of IL-10. Consequently, these Wnt5a-DCs have a reduced capacity to induce Th1 responses that promote IL-10 secretion by CD4 T cells. Changes in the transcriptional profile of Wnt5a-DCs correlate with their unconventional phenotype caused presumably by increased IL-6/IL-10 signaling during the process of DC differentiation. The effect of Wnt5a is not a consequence of β-catenin accumulation but is dependent on noncanonical Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II/NF-κB signaling. Our results therefore suggest that under high levels of Wnt5a, typical of the inflammatory state and sepsis, monocytes could differentiate into unconventional DCs with tolerogenic features.
Highlights • The expression of Wnt receptor is regulated during DC life cycle. • Wnt5a is expressed by DCs and its production increases upon specific stimulation. • Wnt5a is not a stimulatory signal ...for iDCs. • Autocrine Wnt5a production is necessary for DC function. • Wnt5a enhances IL-2 and IFNγ production by stimulated naïve CD4+ T cells.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential in the treatment of several immune disorders, including ulcerative colitis, owing to their ...regenerative and immunosuppressive properties. We recently showed that MSCs engineered to overexpress hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and telomerase (MSC-T-HIF) and conditioned with pro-inflammatory stimuli release EVs (EV
) with potent immunomodulatory activity. We tested the efficacy of EV
to repolarize M1 macrophages (Mφ1) to M2-like macrophages (Mφ2-like) by analyzing surface markers and cytokines and performing functional assays in co-culture, including efferocytosis and T-cell proliferation. We also studied the capacity of EV
to dampen the inflammatory response of activated endothelium and modulate fibrosis. Finally, we tested the therapeutic capacity of EV
in an acute colitis model. EV
induced the repolarization of monocytes from Mφ1 to an Mφ2-like phenotype, which was accompanied by reduced inflammatory cytokine release. EV
-treated Mφ1 had similar effects of immunosuppression on activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as Mφ2, and reduced the adhesion of PBMCs to activated endothelium. EV
also prevented myofibroblast differentiation of TGF-β-treated fibroblasts. Finally, administration of EV
promoted healing in a TNBS-induced mouse colitis model in terms of preserving colon length and intestinal mucosa architecture and altering the ratio of Mφ1/ Mφ2 infiltration. In conclusion, EV
have effective anti-inflammatory properties, making them potential therapeutic agents in cell free-based therapies for the treatment of Crohn's disease and likely other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Highlights • ALL-MSCs at diagnosis promote NK cell antitumoral effector functions in contrast to Healthy-MSCs. • Mechanisms underlying ALL-MSC immunostimulatory properties include cytokine secretion ...and cell-to-cell interaction changes. • Immunostimulatory effects of ALL-MSCs are progressively attenuated correlating to a leukemia-free bone marrow. • Healthy-MSCs adopt ALL-MSC-like immunomodulatory features when exposed to leukemia cells. • MSCs can influence the development of ALL modifying their immunological face to promote an effective immune response.
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