Three picolinamide complexes of nickel(II) (1), zinc(II) (2), and cadmium(II) (3) have been prepared and their solid state structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. ...Their structures in DMSO solutions as well as the structure of similar mercury(II) complex, Hg(NO
3
)(pia)
2
(NO
3
) (4), have been elucidated by
1
H and
13
C NMR spectra. The picolinamide is bound through the N,O-donors in all four complexes in solid state, but only in 4 it is in solution state. In nickel (1), zinc (2), and cadmium (3) complexes the pia-N coordination in solution is suggested. The X-ray analysis revealed that isomorphous nickel (1) and zinc (2) crystal structures comprise the centrosymmetrical trans-M(H
2
O)
2
(pia)
2
2+
(M = Ni, Zn; pia = picolinamide) and nitrate. The crystal lattices also contain two non-coordinated H
2
O molecules. In 3, each cadmium(II) is N,O-chelated by two cis-oriented pia ligands, while remaining coordination sites of the capped pentagonal bipyramid are occupied by three oxygen atoms from two nitrates. Crystal structures are dominated by O/N/C-H···O hydrogen bonds. The carboxamide moieties in 1 and 2 do not form any head-to-head or catemeric supramolecular synthons, but participate in the formation of
(12) motifs with solely the amide nitrogen atoms as double hydrogen bond donors. In 3, neighboring molecules are linked into head-to-head amide dimers. The biological effect of picolinamide and Zn(pia)
2
(H
2
O)
2
(NO
3
)
2
on ingestion and intracellular microbicidal capacities of human peripheral blood phagocytes was also assessed.
Novel polymeric mercury complexes, HgCl(picOH), HgBr
2(HpicOH), Hg(picOH)
2 and Hg(picOH)
2
·
H
2O (HpicOH
=
3-hydroxypicolinic acid) were obtained. Crystal structure analysis of the ...halogeno-derivatives confirmed two different coordination modes of HpicOH. In DMSO solutions these complexes exist in the identical form as in the solid state.
Novel mercury(II) compounds of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (HpicOH; IUPAC name: 3-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) were synthesized and characterized. HgCl(picOH) (
1) and HgBr
2(HpicOH) (
2) were obtained as reaction products from the reaction of the corresponding mercury(II) halide with HpicOH, irrespective of the molar ratio of the reactants. From the reaction of HpicOH and mercury(II) acetate, Hg(picOH)
2 (
3) was obtained, while mercury(II) nitrate monohydrate gave the 1/1 solvate with water Hg(picOH)
2
·
H
2O (
3a). Infrared,
1H and
13C NMR spectroscopic data were analyzed for complexes
1,
2 and
3. X-ray crystal structure analysis of
1 and
2 revealed their polymeric nature and different coordination modes of HpicOH. In
1 the deprotonated picolinic acid is
N,
O-chelating and bridging, while in
2 HpicOH is a
O-monodentate weakly bound ligand. Compound
1 consists of HgCl(picOH) moieties with two linear covalent bonds, Hg–N 2.143(4) and Hg–Cl 2.298(1)
Å, and four additional Hg⋯O contacts (2.460(3)–2.904(3)
Å) in which both oxygen atoms from the carboxylic group are bridging and involved in coordination to three neighboring mercury atoms, thus forming infinite layers. The coordination of mercury is 2
+
4.
2 consists of {HgBr
2(HpicOH)} moieties, which are linked into chains by means of mercury to bromine secondary long range interactions. The coordination sphere of mercury can be described as irregular 2
+
3 formed by two covalently bonded bromine atoms (Hg–Br 2.277(1) and 2.366(1)
Å), two bridging bromine atoms (Hg⋯Br 3.309(1) and 3.247(1)
Å) and by the HpicOH ligand attached to mercury in the zwitterionic form via the carboxylic oxygen atom (Hg⋯O 2.602(7)
Å).
The aim of this study was to measure the levels of some toxic and essential metals in the kidney cortex and jawbone of red deer caught in Baranja region, Eastern Croatia. Kidneys and jawbones of 57 ...red deer (17 males, 40 females), aged six months to ten years, were collected and the concentrations of metals determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The median mass fraction of toxic cadmium, mercury, and lead in the kidney were 0.099 mg kg(-1), 0.362 mg kg(-1), and 0.578 mg kg(-1) (wet weight), respectively. In the jawbone, the Pb mass fraction was 0.281 mg kg(-1). The median levels of essential elements in the kidney were 35.1 mg kg(-1) for Zn, 5.20 mg kg(-1) for Cu, and 108 mg kg(-1) for Fe. The mass fraction of Zn in the jawbone was 86.8 mg kg(-1). Statistical analysis showed age-related differences in the accumulation of Pb in both tissues and of Cd in the kidney. Kidney Zn and Fe also increased with age. Toxic metal levels in the kidney exceeded the levels considered acceptable for human consumption, especially in older animals.
The objective of this study was to investigate the haematological and biochemical values of clinical significance for red deer (Cervus elaphus) and provide data for farmed fawns. Blood samples were ...collected regularly from 34 fawns and compared with 11 adults. The mean blood haemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte count (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (WBC) and percent of segmented neutrophils were significantly lower in fawns. Red distribution width (RDW), total platelet count (PLT), plateletcryt (PCT) and percent of eosinophils and lymphocytes were significantly higher in fawns. A vast majority of biochemical parameters were significantly lower in fawns: blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE), total protein (tPROT), total bilirubine (tBIL) and glucose (GLU) concentration, as a aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) and creatin phosphokinase (CPK) activity, while albumine concentration (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity showed a significant increase. These results demonstrate the need to use specific reference intervals for deer of different ages. The values reported here can be used as a starting point for reference range establishment for clinically healthy young farmed red deer in Croatia. Key words: red deer, fawn, haematology, biochemistry Istrazeni su klinicki znacajni hematoloski i biokemijski pokazatelji u jelena (Cervus elaphus) drzanih na farmama. Pretrazeni su uzorci od 34 mlada jelena, a rezultati pretrage bili su usporedeni s rezultatima pretrage uzoraka 11 odraslih jelena. Koncentracija hemoglobina (Hb), broj eritrocita (RBC), hematokrit (PCV), ukupni broj leukocita (WBC) i postotak segmentiranih neutrofila bili su znacajno nizi u mladih jelena. Distribucija eritrocita po volumenu (RDW), broj trombocita (PLT), trombokrit (PCT) i postotak eozinofila i limfocita bio je znacajno visi u mladih jelena. Vecina biokemijskih pokazatelja bila je znacajno niza u mladih jelena: koncentracija ureje (BUN), kreatinina (CRE), ukupnih proteina (tPROT), ukupnog bilirubina (tBIL) i glukoze (GLU), kao i aktivnost aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST) i kreatin-fosfokinaze (CPK), dok su albumin (ALB), aktivnost alkalne fosfataze (ALP) i gama-glutamil transferaze (GGT) pokazivali znacajni porast. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu uvodenja specificnih referentnih vrijednosti za jelene razlicite zivotne dobi. Dobivene vrijednosti mogu predstavljati ishodisnu tocku za uspostavu referentnoga raspona u klinicki zdravih mladih jelena uzgojenih na farmama u Hrvatskoj. Kljucne rijeci: jelen, hematologija, biokemija
Aldol reaction of 7‐chloro‐1,3‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐2H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one (1) with 4‐substituted α‐methylcinnamaldehydes 2–5 afforded a mixture of threo‐ and ...erythro‐3‐(3‐aryl‐1‐hydroxy‐2‐methylprop‐2‐enyl)‐7‐chloro‐1,3‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐2H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones 6–13. The chromatographically separated threo diastereoisomers 6, 8, 10, and 12 and erythro diastereoisomers 7, 9, 11, and 13 were submitted to ‘directed' homogeneous hydrogenation catalyzed by RhI(cod)(diphos‐4)ClO4 (cod=cycloocta‐1,5‐diene, diphos‐4=butane‐1,4‐diylbisdiphenylphosphine. From the erythro‐racemates 9, 11, and 13, the erythro,erythro/erythro,threo‐diastereoisomer mixtures 16/17, 20/21, and 24/25 were obtained in ratios of 20 : 80 to 28 : 72 (HPLC), which were separated by chromatography. From the threo racemates 8, 10, and 12, the threo,threo/threo,erythro‐diastereoisomer mixtures were obtained in a ratio of ca. 25 : 75 (1H‐NMR). The relative configurations were assigned by means of 1H‐NMR data and X‐ray crystal‐structure determination of 21. Hydrolysis of 21 afforded the diastereoisomerically pure N‐(benzyloxy)carbonyl derivative 27 of α‐amino‐β‐hydroxy‐γ‐methylpentanoic acid 26, representative of the novel group of polysubstituted α‐amino‐β‐hydroxycarboxylic acids.
Eastern Croatia (Kopacki rit) is one of the most famous habitat of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Knowledge of normal electrolyte and mineral concentrations, together with other hematological and ...biochemical values, are essential for appropriate diagnosis of diseases and health control. The aim of this study was to determine mineral and electrolyte concentrations in young red deer population and compare them with adults. Serum total calcium (tCa), inorganic phosphorus (iP), total magnesium (tMg), total protein and albumin were determined by spectrophotometric analysis; and ionized calcium (Ca.sup.2+), magnesium (Mg.sup.2+), sodium (Na.sup.+), potassium (K.sup.+) and chloride (Cl.sup.-) concentrations were determined by ion-selective electrodes (ISE). Young animals showed significantly higher values of K.sup.+, tCa, Ca.sup.2+, Mg.sup.2+, iP and albumin, while (Na.sup.+), Cl.sup.- and protein concentrations were lower. There was no significant difference in the tMg concentration and Ca.sup.2+ Mg.sup.2+ ratio in relation to age. In wild animals, these laboratory analyses are still in their very beginning due to difficulties in collecting data and lack of equipment in veterinary practice. Electrolyte and mineral values determined in this study can be considered reference data for health control and disease diagnosis. Key words: mineral, electrolyte, ionized calcium, red deer, Cervus elaphus Analiza koncentracije minerala u plazmi mladih i odraslih jelena (Cervus elaphus). Vet. arhiv 83, 425-434, 2013. Istocni dio Hrvatske (osobito podrucje Parka prirode Kopacki rit) znacajno je staniste jelena obicnog (Cervus elaphus). Utvrdivanje referentnih vrijednosti za laboratorijske pokazatelje kod brojnih vrsta divljih zivotinja, pa tako i ove, nije jos u potpunosti provedeno. Razlog tome su poteskoce u prikupljanju uzoraka i relativno pomanjkanje opreme u podrucnim laboratorijima. Utvrcivanje referentnih raspona za serumske odnosno plazmatske koncentracije minerala i elektrolita, uz ostale hematoloske i biokemijske pokazatelje predstavlja temelj za objektivno procjenjivanje zdravstvenog stanja. Pri tome je posebno vazno precizno utvrditi referentne vrijednosti za svaku pojedinu dobnu kategoriju, kako zbog nepoznavanja fizioloskih razlika ne bi doslo do pogresnog tumacenja laboratorijskih nalaza. Cilj ovog istrazivanja bio je odrediti i usporediti serumsku odnosno plazmatsku koncentraciju minerala i elektrolita kod mladih i odraslih jedinki u obicnog jelena te utvrditi postoje li znacajne razlike ili se mogu koristiti iste referentne vrijednosti za ove pokazatelje u obje dobne skupine. Serumska razina ukupnog kalcija (tCa), anorganskog fosfora (iP), ukupnog magnezija (tMg) te albumina i ukupnih proteina odredena je spektrofotometrijski, a plazmatska koncentracija ioniziranog kalcija (Ca.sup.2+), magnezija (Mg.sup.2+), natrija (Na.sup.+), kalija (K.sup.+) i klorida (Cl.sup.-) odredena ion-selektivnim elektrodama (ISE). U mladih jedinki nadene su signifikantno vise vrijednosti K.sup.+, tCa, Ca.sup.2+, Mg.sup.2+, iP i albumina, dok su vrijednosti Na.sup.+, Cl.sup.- i proteina bile nize u odnosu na odrasle jelene. Za tMg i omjer Ca.sup.2+ / Mg.sup.2+ nije ustanovljena znacajna razlika kod razlicitih dobnih kategorija. Dobiveni rezultati mogu se smatrati referentnim za koncentraciju istrazivanih minerala i elektrolita u jelena obicnog (Cervus elaphus) te biti oslonac u procjeni i prazenju zdravstvenog stanja ove divljaci. Pri tome treba istaknuti da je za neke pokazatelje utvrdena fizioloska razlika kod razlicitih dobnih kategorija pa je za pravilno tumacenje nalaza od najveceg znacenja rabiti referentne vrijednosti dobivene od primjerene dobne skupine. Kljucne rijeci: minerali, elektroliti, ionizirani kalcij, jelen obicni, Cervus elaphus
Istraženi su klinički značajni hematološki i biokemijski pokazatelji u jelena (Cervus elaphus) držanih na farmama. Pretraženi su uzorci od 34 mlada jelena, a rezultati pretrage bili su uspoređeni s ...rezultatima pretrage uzoraka 11 odraslih jelena. Koncentracija hemoglobina (Hb), broj eritrocita (RBC), hematokrit (PCV), ukupni broj leukocita (WBC) i postotak segmentiranih neutrofila bili su značajno niži u mladih jelena. Distribucija eritrocita po volumenu (RDW), broj trombocita (PLT), trombokrit (PCT) i postotak eozinofila i limfocita bio je značajno viši u mladih jelena. Većina biokemijskih pokazatelja bila je značajno niža u mladih jelena: koncentracija ureje (BUN), kreatinina (CRE), ukupnih proteina (tPROT), ukupnog bilirubina (tBIL) i glukoze (GLU), kao i aktivnost aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST) i kreatin-fosfokinaze (CPK), dok su albumin (ALB), aktivnost alkalne fosfataze (ALP) i gama-glutamil transferaze (GGT) pokazivali značajni porast. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu uvođenja specifičnih referentnih vrijednosti za jelene različite životne dobi. Dobivene vrijednosti mogu predstavljati ishodišnu točku za uspostavu referentnoga raspona u klinički zdravih mladih jelena uzgojenih na farmama u Hrvatskoj.
Three synthetic routes to salts of 5-amino-5-hydroxy-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione (10) are described. The key reactions involved acid-catalyzed cleavage of ...5-amino-5-ureido-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione (7), conversion of uramil (8) to dehydrouramil (9) and subsequent hydration, and the condensation of alloxan (5) with ammonium salts. The carbinol ammonium salt structure 10a was unambiguously established by X-ray crystallography. New alloxan-like compounds 7, 9, and 10 were evaluated for diabetogenic activity in rats. Compound 7 was inactive, whereas compounds 9 and 10 showed the highest activity comparable to that of streptozotocin (12).
Istočni dio Hrvatske (osobito područje Parka prirode Kopački rit) značajno je stanište jelena običnog (Cervus elaphus). Utvrđivanje referentnih vrijednosti za laboratorijske pokazatelje kod brojnih ...vrsta divljih životinja, pa tako i ove, nije još u potpunosti provedeno. Razlog tome su poteškoće u prikupljanju uzoraka i relativno pomanjkanje opreme u područnim laboratorijima. Utvrđivanje referentnih raspona za serumske odnosno plazmatske koncentracije minerala i elektrolita, uz ostale hematološke i biokemijske pokazatelje predstavlja temelj za objektivno procjenjivanje zdravstvenog stanja. Pri tome je posebno važno precizno utvrditi referentne vrijednosti za svaku pojedinu dobnu kategoriju, kako zbog nepoznavanja fizioloških razlika ne bi došlo do pogrešnog tumačenja laboratorijskih nalaza. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti i usporediti serumsku odnosno plazmatsku koncentraciju minerala i elektrolita kod mladih i odraslih jedinki u običnog jelena te utvrditi postoje li značajne razlike ili se mogu koristiti iste referentne vrijednosti za ove pokazatelje u obje dobne skupine. Serumska razina ukupnog kalcija (tCa), anorganskog fosfora (iP), ukupnog magnezija (tMg) te albumina i ukupnih proteina određena je spektrofotometrijski, a plazmatska koncentracija ioniziranog kalcija (Ca2+), magnezija (Mg2+), natrija (Na+), kalija (K+) i klorida (Cl-)određena ion-selektivnim elektrodama (ISE). U mladih jedinki nađene su signifikantno više vrijednosti K+, tCa, Ca2+, Mg2+, iP i albumina, dok su vrijednosti Na+, Cl- i proteina bile niže u odnosu na odrasle jelene. Za tMg i omjer Ca2+/Mg2+ nije ustanovljena značajna razlika kod različitih dobnih kategorija. Dobiveni rezultati mogu se smatrati referentnim za koncentraciju istraživanih minerala i elektrolita u jelena običnog (Cervus elaphus) te biti oslonac u procjeni i praćenju zdravstvenog stanja ove divljači. Pri tome treba istaknuti da je za neke pokazatelje utvrđena fiziološka razlika kod različitih dobnih kategorija pa je za pravilno tumačenje nalaza od najvećeg značenja rabiti referentne vrijednosti dobivene od primjerene dobne skupine.
