The paper examines the etnogenesis of the Mongol tribes from the period of the Rouran and Shiwei tribal alliances to the unification in the early 13th century under Genghis Khan’s leadership. The ...initial period of the ethnogenesis of medieval Mongols’ ancestors is associated with Rouran and Shiwei tribal alliances while news about them are written in Chinese dynastic chronicles. Within the Shiwei association there was the Mengwu tribe that inhabited forest expanses of north-western Manchuria, and the Argun river basin is considered to be the original homeland of the Mongols. The directions and time of migration processes which played an important role in the transformation of part of Mongol tribes from forest hunters to steppe nomads have been further investigated. The ethnic history of the Mongol tribes is closely associated with the Turkic and Tungus-Manchurian tribes. The Turkic tribes, that inhabited the steppes of Mongolia today, had a crucial importance in the development of Mongol nomadic tribes, while the Tungus-Manchu and northern Mongol tribes shared forest expanses of Manchuria and Trans-Baikal. The following text describes the events in the Turkic khaganates and kingdoms in the north of China, which influenced the historical development of the Mongol tribes. The period of the Qidan Liao dynasty (10th ‒ 12th century) is of great importance because the core of the Mongol nomadic tribes was formed at that time in the northeastern Mongolia, that were gradually spreading over the steps to the west. During the Jurchen Jin dynasty (12th ‒ 13th century) the importance of the Mongol tribes in the steppe increased. The attempts of political unification of the Mongols appeared during that period – for the first time in the mid-12th century, during the reign of Khabul Khan. The final part of the paper describes the struggle of Temujin (Temüjin), the future Genghis Khan, for the unification of the Mongol-Turkic tribes. After victory over major rivals – the Tatars, Naiman, Kereyit and Merkit – Genghis Khan established authority over the Mongol tribes in 1206. This event marked the end of the first period in the ethnogenesis of medieval Mongols and the beginning of the creation of the largest state in history ‒ the Mongol Empire.
Rad je nastao na osnovi analiza važnijih tema euroazijske povijesti uz osvrt na poznate ‘’putove svile’’. Iako su autori ponajprije nastojali upoznati čitateljstvo s manje poznatim povijesnim temama, ...ukratko su komentirali djelo Petera Frankopana o “putovima svile” te su iznijeli neke vlastite ideje u vezi s koncepcijama iz povijesti Srednje Azije, ili srednje Euroazije, i to od paleolitika preko srednjega vijeka, sve do moderne epohe. U radu je i osvrt na ideje o nastanku svile te na rane azijske seobe, pogotovo u fazi indoiranske ekspanzije. Autori su dali i opći pregled strukture i povijesti stepe te razvoj kulturnih i trgovačkih veza. Preko stepe su se proširili turkijski i mongolski narodi, što se ističe u ovoj analizi, kao i dolazak mongolske vojske u Europu, koji je utjecao na pojavu velike epidemije kuge (Crne smrti) te događaje vezane uz razvoj Osmanske države, ekspanziju Europe i druge moderne pojave. Na kraju su kratki osvrti o modernim događajima u Euroaziji, što je važno za bolje razumijevanje sadašnjosti, iako je bilo nekih nedavnih negativnih procesa koje je trebalo (i još treba) nadvladati da bi se svijet ravnomjerno, ili čak vrlo pozitivno., razvijao. U radu su i primjeri iz hrvatske povijesti, u širem kontekstu vezani uz euroazijske teme.
The aim of this paper is to present the history of the Donghu, Wuhuan and Xianbei Proto-Mongolian tribes in the period from the 4th century B.C. to the end of the 3rd century A.D. The history of the ...ancient nomadic peoples who lived north of China is written in Chinese dynasty chronicles. Proto-Mongolian tribes from the 1st century B.C. are called Donghu in Chinese sources. The earliest news on them originates from the Warring States Period (4th -- 3rd century B.C.), and tells of a conflict with the northern Chinese states. Other types of sources on the history of the Proto-Mongolian tribes are archaeological findings, which associate Mongolian ethnogenesis with slab grave cultures and the Lower Xiajiadian. Linguists find the materials for the research on Mongolian ethnogenesis in the Altaic linguistic family, which the Mongolian language belongs to as well. Based on the mentioned sources, the change in the political situation in the steppes at the end of the 3rd century B.C., when the people of Xiongnu created a powerful state and conquered the Donghues, is described in the paper. The remains of the shattered Donghues, who had mostly migrated to the north, have been recorded in Chinese chronicles under new topoethnonyms: Xianbei and Wuhuan. The weakening and fall of the Xiongnues' state enabled the Proto-Mongolian tribes to re-enter the historical scene. At the end of the 1st century B.C. the Chinese Han Empire firstly established relations with the Wuhuan tribes and in the middle of the 1st century A.D. with the Xianbei tribes, too. In the beginning both tribal alliances acknowledged the supreme authority of China and carried out frontier service. Under the guidance of tribal chiefs the tribes started to run an independent policy and attack China's border areas during the 2nd century A.D. In the conclusion, the author describes the period when the Wuhuan and Xianbei tribes were at the peak of their power. However, already at the beginning of the 3rd century, the Wuhuans fell under the authorities of China and Xianbei, but the Xianbei tribal alliance fell apart in the second half of the 3rd century. Adapted from the source document.
The paper examines the etnogenesis of the Mongol tribes from the period of the Rouran and Shiwei tribal alliances to the unification in the early 13th century under Genghis Khan's leadership. The ...initial period of the ethnogenesis of medieval Mongols' ancestors is associated with Rouran and Shiwei tribal alliances while news about them are written in Chinese dynastic chronicles. The directions and time of migration processes which played an important role in the transformation of part of Mongol tribes from forest hunters to steppe nomads have been further investigated. The final part of the paper describes the struggle of Temujin, the future Genghis Khan, for the unification of the Mongol-Turkic tribes. After victory over major rivals - the Tatars, Naiman, Kereyit and Merkit - Genghis Khan established authority over the Mongol tribes in 1206. This event marked the end of the first period in the ethnogenesis of medieval Mongols and the beginning of the creation of the largest state in history - the Mongol Empire. Adapted from the source document.
The paper examines the etnogenesis of the Mongol tribes from the period of the Rouran and Shiwei tribal alliances to the unification in the early 13th century under Genghis Khan's leadership. The ...initial period of the ethnogenesis of medieval Mongols' ancestors is associated with Rouran and Shiwei tribal alliances while news about them are written in Chinese dynastic chronicles. Within the Shiwei association there was the Mengwu tribe that inhabited forest expanses of north-western Manchuria, and the Argun river basin is considered to be the original homeland of the Mongols. The directions and time of migration processes which played an important role in the transformation of part of Mongol tribes from forest hunters to steppe nomads have been further investigated. The ethnic history of the Mongol tribes is closely associated with the Turkic and Tungus-Manchurian tribes. The Turkic tribes, that inhabited the steppes of Mongolia today, had a crucial importance in the development of Mongol nomadic tribes, while the Tungus-Manchu and northern Mongol tribes shared forest expanses of Manchuria and Trans-Baikal. The following text describes the events in the Turkic khaganates and kingdoms in the north of China, which influenced the historical development of the Mongol tribes. The period of the Qidan Liao dynasty (10th - 12th century) is of great importance because the core of the Mongol nomadic tribes was formed at that time in the northeastern Mongolia, that were gradually spreading over the steps to the west. During the Jurchen Jin dynasty (12th - 13th century) the importance of the Mongol tribes in the steppe increased. The attempts of political unification of the Mongols appeared during that period - for the first time in the mid-12th century, during the reign of Khabul Khan. The final part of the paper describes the struggle of Temujin (Temüjin), the future Genghis Khan, for the unification of the Mongol-Turkic tribes. After victory over major rivals - the Tatars, Naiman, Kereyit and Merkit - Genghis Khan established authority over the Mongol tribes in 1206. This event marked the end of the first period in the ethnogenesis of medieval Mongols and the beginning of the creation of the largest state in history - the Mongol Empire. Reprinted by permission of the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb
The aim of this paper is to present the history of the Do-nghú, Wu-huán and Xia-nbe-i Proto-Mongolian tribes in the period from the 4th century B.C. to the end of the 3rd century A.D. The history of ...the ancient nomadic peoples who lived north of China is written in Chinese dynasty chronicles. Proto-Mongolian tribes from the 1st century B.C. are called Do-nghú in Chinese sources. The earliest news on them originates from the Warring States Period (4th - 3rd century B.C.), and tells of a conflict with the northern Chinese states. Other types of sources on the history of the Proto-Mongolian tribes are archaeological findings, which associate Mongolian ethnogenesis with slab grave cultures and the Lower Xiàjia-diàn. Linguists find the materials for the research on Mongolian ethnogenesis in the Altaic linguistic family, which the Mongolian language belongs to as well. Based on the mentioned sources, the change in the political situation in the steppes at the end of the 3rd century B.C., when the people of Xio-ngnú created a powerful state and conquered the Do-nghúes, is described in the paper. The remains of the shattered Do-nghúes, who had mostly migrated to the north, have been recorded in Chinese chronicles under new topoethnonyms: Xia-nbe-i and Wu-huán. The weakening and fall of the Xio-ngnúes' state enabled the Proto-Mongolian tribes to re-enter the historical scene. At the end of the 1st century B.C. the Chinese Hàn Empire firstly established relations with the Wu-huán tribes and in the middle of the 1st century A.D. with the Xia-nbe-i tribes, too. In the beginning both tribal alliances acknowledged the supreme authority of China and carried out frontier service. Under the guidance of tribal chiefs the tribes started to run an independent policy and attack China's border areas during the 2nd century A.D. In the conclusion, the author describes the period when the Wu-huán and Xia-nbe-i tribes were at the peak of their power. However, already at the beginning of the 3rd century, the Wu-huáns fell under the authorities of China and Xia-nbe-i, but the Xia-nbe-i tribal alliance fell apart in the second half of the 3rd century. Reprinted by permission of the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb
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