We examine the large-scale distribution patterns of the nano- and microphytoplankton collected from 145 oceanic stations, at 3 m depth, the 20% light level and the depth of the subsurface chlorophyll ...maximum, during the Malaspina-2010 Expedition (December 2010-July 2011), which covered 15 biogeographical provinces across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, between 35°N and 40°S. In general, the water column was stratified, the surface layers were nutrient-poor and the nano- and microplankton (hereafter phytoplankton, for simplicity, although it included also heterotrophic protists) community was dominated by dinoflagellates, other flagellates and coccolithophores, while the contribution of diatoms was only important in zones with shallow nutriclines such as the equatorial upwelling regions. We applied a principal component analysis to the correlation matrix among the abundances (after logarithmic transform) of the 76 most frequent taxa to synthesize the information contained in the phytoplankton data set. The main trends of variability identified consisted of: 1) A contrast between the community composition of the upper and the lower parts of the euphotic zone, expressed respectively by positive or negative scores of the first principal component, which was positively correlated with taxa such as the dinoflagellates Oxytoxum minutum and Scrippsiella spp., and the coccolithophores Discosphaera tubifera and Syracosphaera pulchra (HOL and HET), and negatively correlated with taxa like Ophiaster hydroideus (coccolithophore) and several diatoms, 2) a general abundance gradient between phytoplankton-rich regions with high abundances of dinoflagellate, coccolithophore and ciliate taxa, and phytoplankton-poor regions (second principal component), 3) differences in dominant phytoplankton and ciliate taxa among the Atlantic, the Indian and the Pacific oceans (third principal component) and 4) the occurrence of a diatom-dominated assemblage (the fourth principal component assemblage), including several pennate taxa, Planktoniella sol, Hemiaulus hauckii and Pseudo-nitzschia spp., in the divergence regions. Our findings indicate that consistent assemblages of co-occurring phytoplankton taxa can be identified and that their distribution is best explained by a combination in different degrees of both environmental and historical influences.
Esta investigación pretende detectar, codificar y cuantificar los principales temas y problemas científicos presentados en las series animadas de humor adulto Futurama y Rick and Morty con el ...objetivo de determinar cómo se construye el discurso científico, qué subtemas de la ciencia ficción están presentes y qué tipo de tratamiento recibe la ciencia y la figura de los científicos. Mediante una metodología basada en la teoría fundamentada, se han cuantificado las disciplinas científicas y temáticas específicas y, posteriormente, codificado mediante variables con el fin de constatar si existe una relación directa con un tipo de enfoque y representación de la realidad. A partir de la discusión de los resultados, se determina que las series no reflejan una visión apocalíptica y distópica como históricamente sí lo ha hecho el cine de ciencia ficción aunque presentan conceptos científicos de manera hiperbolizada e inexacta, tendiendo a la ridiculización tanto del personaje científico como de los problemas físicos y matemáticos que se plantean. Este precepto desemboca en una dualidad interpretativa que cabalga entre la desmitificación de estereotipos que demonizan la ciencia y la proyección de axiomas inexactos que pueden conllevar una comprensión errónea de la ciencia por los espectadores.
Los universos narrativos transmedia y sus multiversos se han convertido en las mayores fuentes de producciones audiovisuales de la industria cinematográfica y del videojuego. Star Wars, el universo ...Tolkien, DC Comics, Harry Potter o Marvel, son ejemplos de narrativas transmedia que contienen numerosos storyworlds interconectados mediante conexiones transmediáticas, formando así universos con capacidad para crear incesantemente nuevas producciones cinematográficas y nuevo contenido multiplataforma. Gran parte de su éxito se debe a la expansión y la profundidad como elementos clave de la transmedialidad y la convergencia de medios. El artículo analiza los elementos característicos de estos universos narrativos a través del estudio de caso de la saga Los Vengadores, parte nuclear del Universo Cinematográfico de Marvel (UCM), desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar mediante el estudio del discurso y la semiótica. El análisis del contenido de las cuatro películas que forman parte de la citada saga permite identificar, en primer lugar, el uso constante de recursos intertextuales que provienen de las humanidades (la literatura, la historia, la filosofía, la mitología y la cultura fílmica) y, en segundo lugar, su relación con las citadas capacidades de expansión y profundidad de las narrativas transmedia. El texto propone la necesidad de remarcar la importancia de los fundamentos humanistas para la creación de un universo narrativo profundo, orgánico y en constante expansión de la saga, así como de la comprensión holística de su sentido por parte de los receptores, que puede conllevar el incremento de la participación activa de la comunidad fandom, la creación de contenidos generados por usuarios y su vinculación con dicho universo.
The ability of the subtropical North Atlantic to sustain export production despite the lack of available nutrients is fascinating. Subtropical gyres are expected to expand under a global warming ...scenario, so it is important to understand the mechanisms supplying the required nutrients. Current issues for the region concern the nutrient and metabolic balance, the origin of excess nitrogen and phosphorus shortage, and the maintenance of nitrogen fixation. We report data on the allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus in dissolved and suspended pools, the isotopic δ15N of suspended nitrogen, and the lability of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) along a section crossing the eastern seasonally stratified North Atlantic and the western subtropical North Atlantic (NASW). We find extreme P‐deficiency in the NASW, with the highest dissolved inorganic N:P ratios located within the upperthermocline isopycnals (σϴ = 26.3–26.8). Our data indicate an important role of the midlatitude northeast seasonally stratified North Atlantic bringing dissolved organic matter (DOM) to the thermocline of the North Atlantic. The mineralization of N‐rich DOM contributes to the N excess (P deficit) of the upperthermocline of NASW. We find lower concentrations of more reactive DOP in the western than in the eastern part of the transect, indicating an active role of DOP in the nutrition of microbial communities. Our results support recent hypotheses concerning the environmental controls of marine nitrogen fixation identifying the key role of DOP utilization.
Key Points
Upperthermocline isopycnals import excess organic nitrogen
Lateral transport of subsurface waters with high N:P ratio reinforces the P deficit of the western subtropical North Atlantic
Nitrogen fixation can be maintained by the highly reactive DOP despite the high N:P ratio of inorganic supply
Climate warming affects the development and distribution of sea ice, but at present the evidence of polar ecosystem feedbacks on climate through changes in the atmosphere is sparse. By means of ...synergistic atmospheric and oceanic measurements in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica, we present evidence that the microbiota of sea ice and sea ice-influenced ocean are a previously unknown significant source of atmospheric organic nitrogen, including low molecular weight alkyl-amines. Given the keystone role of nitrogen compounds in aerosol formation, growth and neutralization, our findings call for greater chemical and source diversity in the modelling efforts linking the marine ecosystem to aerosol-mediated climate effects in the Southern Ocean.
Profundizaremos en el conocimiento de los procesos creativos de Enric Miralles.Históricamente la creatividad ha estado asociada con el arte y puede resultar de la aplicación de determinadas teorías ...previamente aceptadas, pero también -como en este caso- de determinadas experiencias emocionales, intelectuales o corporales que se producen en procesos de exploración interdisciplinares. En ellos se descubren capas de conocimiento con potencial nómada, es decir, desplazables entre diferentes esferas de saber, produciendo así soluciones innovadoras que responden específicamente a problemáticas y situaciones nuevas.Analizaremos un caso de ideación proyectual en Miralles donde se produce un juego especulativo de variaciones sobre materiales vagos e indeterminados producidos por él. Esta forma de hacer enlaza con la escritura automática surrealista, la semiografía de Barthes o las constricciones del movimiento OuLiPo. Aparece así un conjunto de estrategias de ideación que, finalmente, hemos aplicado también en la docencia en un taller de dibujo arquitectónico dirigido al desarrollo de la creatividad
The phytoplankton bloom in the Liguro-Provençal deep convection region represents one of the main fertilization mechanisms in the Mediterranean. This communication examines nano- and ...microphytoplankton observations, and measurements of primary production and chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) in the southwestern part of the deep convection region, where such information is scarce. Data were obtained from four cruises, carried out in 2005 (EFLUBIO project) and 2009 (FAMOSO project), covering the seasonality between mid-March and September in the region. Our aims were to constrain primary production estimates and to ascertain the importance of short-term variability on the photosynthetic response of phytoplankton assemblages during bloom, post-bloom and late-summer stratification periods in the area. Overall, the initial slope of the P–E relationship (αB) increased and the Chl a-normalized photosynthetic rate (PmB) decreased with increasing optical depth of sample origin, but there were exceptions. In general, there were marked seasonal trends, with stratification increasing and Chl a concentration, primary production and dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate fluxes decreasing from winter to late summer. Chl a at 5m depth reached a maximum of 7mgm−3 on 25 March 2005, one of the highest values measured in the region. Average surface values (±SD) ranged from respectively 2.4±2.3mgm−3 and 2±0.7mgm−3 in the March 2005 and March 2009 cruises to 0.12±0.01mgm−3 in the September 2009 cruise. Vertically integrated (0–80m) primary production (PPint) attained 1800mgCm−2d−1 in March 2009, with an average of 1024±523mgCm−2d−1, and decreased to a mean of 141±0.43mgCm−2d−1 in September 2009. Superimposed to the seasonal trends, there was a considerable within-cruise variability of biomass and primary production, especially during the spring-winter bloom and post-bloom periods, when PPint could change more than threefold within a few days. These differences were mainly associated with the intense hydrographic mesoscale and sub-mesoscale heterogeneity in the region and with the differences in the physiological and ecological history of the phytoplankton communities inhabiting the different water bodies. In late summer, most PPint variability could be explained by fluctuations in surface incident irradiance.
•We examine phytoplankton and primary production (PP) in the open NW Mediterranean.•PP reached up to 1800mgCm−2d−1 during the bloom period of March 2009.•Marked short-term variability of PP was associated with hydrographic heterogeneity.•Nutrient fluxes and PP were negatively related to stratification at seasonal scale.
Few prospective studies analyze, with sufficient duration, the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program (AMSP) carried out entirely in a hospital.
Descriptive study evaluating the consumption ...of antimicrobials expressed in defined daily doses (DDD) per 100 hospital occupied bed-days (OBDs) stratified in medical, surgical and intensive care unit (ICU) and the incidence of densities (ID) per 1,000 hospital OBDs of the prevalent multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in a tertiary hospital, over a period of 5 years before and after the implementation of an AMSP. Analysis of direct costs and those associated with hospital stay and mortality.
A total of 32,802 patients with antibiotic treatment were included in the intervention period (2013–2017). Non-imposed advice was exercised in 14.9%. The degree of adherence to recommendation was 87.9%, direct treatment and de-escalation being the most frequently admitted interventions (P<0.001). Overall hospital consumption of antibacterials in DDD/100s decreased by 5.7% (77.04 vs. 71.33) between 2008 and 2017. In ICU, the average DDD/100s showed a reduction from 155 to 113 (mean difference -18, P=0.005). There was a decrease in the DI/1000 OBDs of MDROs in the post-intervention period (RR 0.78; CI 95% 0.73, 0.84, P<0.001). The average annual cost of antibacterials declined from €1,435,048 to €955,805 (mean difference -€469,243; P=0.001).
Long-term maintenance of a hospital AMSP was associated with a reduction in antibiotic consumption, especially in ICU, as well as a beneficial ecological impact and economic savings.
La pintura tradicional china –para nosotros similar a un tipo de dibujo– presenta rasgos inequívocamente modernos en su concepción; su poética construye el espacio y el tiempo de forma análoga a la ...arquitectura. Este artículo analiza la manera en que las estructuras visuales de esas obras crean una peculiar experiencia narrativa espacio-temporal. Veremos cómo diferentes arquitectos contemporáneos chinos idean, a partir de esa pintura, una serie de arquitecturas que toman de su tradición pictórica su base conceptual y su forma de expresión. Evitan imitar acríticamente modelos internacionales e incorporan sutilmente rasgos específicos de la propia cultura; dotan de significado a la arquitectura mediante el contraste entre conceptos modernos y tradicionales. La comprensión de la forma sutil en que estos recursos son aplicados a sus procesos de ideación, nos permite intuir, también en nuestro contexto occidental, la posibilidad de nuevas formas de enriquecer el proyecto, conectándolo poéticamente con elementos de nuestra tradición y corregir así su frecuente deriva hacia lo utilitario, lo icónico o la simple banalidad.
Summary Objective During the first pandemic, some patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza were treated with corticosteroids. The objective of this study was to assess the effect on survival of ...corticosteroid therapy in patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza. Methods Prospective, observational, multicenter study performed in 148 ICU. Data were recorded in the GTEI/SEMICYUC registry. Adult patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza confirmed by rt-PCR were included in the analysis. Database records specified corticosteroid type and reason for corticosteroid treatment. Results 372 patients with the diagnosis of primary viral pneumonia and completed outcomes treated in an ICU were included in the database. Mechanical ventilation was used in 70.2% of the patients. 136 (36.6%) patients received corticosteroids after a diagnosis of primary viral pneumonia. Obesity (35.6% vs 47.8% p = 0.021) and asthma (7.6% vs 15.4% p = 0.018), were more frequent in the group treated with corticosteroids. A Cox regression analysis adjusted for severity and potential confounding factors found that the use of corticosteroid therapy was not significantly associated with mortality (HR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.626–1.801; p = 0.825). Conclusions Corticosteroid therapy in a selected group of patients with primary viral pneumonia due to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza does not improve survival.
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