constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of extracellular toxins; these include the ...shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), exfoliative toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), hemolysins, and leukocidins.
expresses many virulence proteins, involved in evading the host defenses, hence facilitating microbial colonization of the mammary glands of the animals. In addition,
exotoxins play a role in the development of both skin infections and mastitis. Indeed, if these toxins remain in dairy products for human consumption, they can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. As a result, there is a need for procedures to identify the presence of exotoxins in human food, and the methods used must be fast, sensitive, reliable, and accurate. It is also essential to determine the best medical therapy for human patients suffering from
infections, as well as establishing the relevant veterinary treatment for infected ruminants, to avoid economic losses in the dairy industry. This review summarizes the role of
toxins in the development of mastitis in ruminants, their negative effects in the food and dairy industries, and the different methods used for the identification of these toxins in food destined for human consumption.
Stem cells have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cells that form and repopulated all tissues and organs, from conception to adult life. Depending on their capacity ...for differentiation, stem cells are classified as totipotent (ie, zygote), pluripotent (ie, embryonic stem cells), multipotent (ie, neuronal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, epithelial stem cells, etc.), and unipotent (ie, spermatogonial stem cells). Adult or tissue-specific stem cells reside in specific niches located in, or nearby, their organ or tissue of origin. There, they have microenvironmental support to remain quiescent, to proliferate as undifferentiated cells (self-renewal), and to differentiate into progenitors or terminally differentiated cells that migrate from the niche to perform specialized functions. The presence of proteins at the cell surface is often used to identify, classify, and isolate stem cells. Among the diverse groups of cell surface proteins used for these purposes, integrin α6, also known as CD49f, may be the only biomarker commonly found in more than 30 different populations of stem cells, including some cancer stem cells. This broad expression among stem cell populations indicates that integrin α6 may play an important and conserved role in stem cell biology, which is reaffirmed by recent demonstrations of its role maintaining self-renewal of pluripotent stem cells and breast and glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Therefore, this review intends to highlight and synthesize new findings on the importance of integrin α6 in stem cell biology.
Although Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been widely applied to sports, not many studies are related to basketball. Two types of approaches have been developed to measure the efficiency in ...basketball so far: those focused on the assessment of players and those that assess the performance of the teams. Assuming that the number of points scored in a basketball game greatly influences the appeal of a game, in this paper, a new approach focused on the measurement of the scoring efficiency of the two teams that play a game is addressed. To do that, the performance of each team in each quarter and the carry-overs between successive quarters must be taken into account. This leads to a Dynamic Network DEA model with two subprocess (corresponding to the home and visitor teams) running in each quarter. A scoring efficiency can be computed for each team in each quarter as well as for each team overall, for each quarter overall and for the whole game. The proposed approach is applied to the matches played during the 2014-2015 NBA season.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are cells genetically reprogrammed from somatic cells, which can be differentiated into neurological lineages with the aim to replace or assist damaged neurons ...in the treatment of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) caused by physical trauma. Here, we review studies addressing the functional use of iPSC‐derived neural cells in SCIs and perform a meta‐analysis to determine if significant motor improvement is restored after treatment with iPSC‐derived neural cells compared with treatments using embryonic stem cell (ESC)‐derived counterpart cells and control treatments. Overall, based on locomotion scales in rodents and monkeys, our meta‐analysis indicates a therapeutic benefit for SCI treatment using neural cells derived from either iPSCs or ESCs, being this of importance due to existing ethical and immunological complications using ESCs. Results from these studies are evidence of the successes and limitations of iPSC‐derived neural cells in the recovery of motor capacity. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:681&693
Traumatic spinal cord injuries can lead to impairment of motor movement, and iPSCs‐derived neural cells can be used for treatment as indicated in the left side of the illustration. Here, we review studies using this cell transplantation treatment in rodent models, as shown in the right side of the illustration, with the goal to evaluate its effectiveness for motor recovery.
Research on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has attracted much attention given their great potential for tissue regenerative therapy and fundamental developmental biology studies. Yet, there is ...still limited understanding of how mechanical signals in the local cellular microenvironment of hESCs regulate their fate decisions. Here, we applied a microfabricated micromechanical platform to investigate the mechanoresponsive behaviors of hESCs. We demonstrated that hESCs are mechanosensitive, and they could increase their cytoskeleton contractility with matrix rigidity. Furthermore, rigid substrates supported maintenance of pluripotency of hESCs. Matrix mechanics-mediated cytoskeleton contractility might be functionally correlated with E-cadherin expressions in cell-cell contacts and thus involved in fate decisions of hESCs. Our results highlighted the important functional link between matrix rigidity, cellular mechanics, and pluripotency of hESCs and provided a novel approach to characterize and understand mechanotransduction and its involvement in hESC function.
The microbiota present in the gastrointestinal tract is involved in the development or prevention of food allergies and autoimmune disorders; these bacteria can enter the gallbladder and, depending ...on the species involved, can either be benign or cause significant diseases. Occlusion of the gallbladder, usually due to the presence of calculi blocking the bile duct, facilitates microbial infection and inflammation, which can be serious enough to require life-saving surgery. In addition, the biliary salts are secreted into the intestine and can affect the gut microbiota. The interaction between the gut microbiota, pathogenic organisms, and the human immune system can create intestinal dysbiosis, generating a variety of syndromes including the development of food allergies and autoimmune disorders. The intestinal microbiota can aggravate certain food allergies, which become severe when the integrity of the intestinal barrier is affected, allowing bacteria, or their metabolites, to cross the intestinal barrier and invade the bloodstream, affecting distal body organs. This article deals with health conditions and severe diseases that are either influenced by the gut flora or caused by gallbladder obstruction and inflammation, as well as putative treatments for those illnesses.
Gut Microbiome Proteomics in Food Allergies Abril, Ana G; Carrera, Mónica; Sánchez-Pérez, Ángeles ...
International journal of molecular sciences,
01/2023, Letnik:
24, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Food allergies (FA) have dramatically increased in recent years, particularly in developed countries. It is currently well-established that food tolerance requires the strict maintenance of a ...specific microbial consortium in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiome as alterations in the gut microbiota can lead to dysbiosis, causing inflammation and pathogenic intestinal conditions that result in the development of FA. Although there is currently not enough knowledge to fully understand how the interactions between gut microbiota, host responses and the environment cause food allergies, recent advances in '-omics' technologies (i.e., proteomics, genomics, metabolomics) and in approaches involving systems biology suggest future headways that would finally allow the scientific understanding of the relationship between gut microbiome and FA. This review summarizes the current knowledge in the field of FA and insights into the future advances that will be achieved by applying proteomic techniques to study the GI tract microbiome in the field of FA and their medical treatment. Metaproteomics, a proteomics experimental approach of great interest in the study of GI tract microbiota, aims to analyze and identify all the proteins in complex environmental microbial communities; with shotgun proteomics, which uses liquid chromatography (LC) for separation and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for analysis, as it is the most promising technique in this field.
The presence of biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine) in seafood is a significant concern for food safety. This review describes for the first time a shotgun quantitative ...proteomics strategy to evaluate and compare foodborne strains of bacteria that produce biogenic amines in seafoods. This approach recognized 35,621 peptide spectrum matches, belonging to 20,792 peptides, and 4621 proteins. It allowed the determination of functional pathways and the classification of the strains into hierarchical clusters. The study identified a protein–protein interaction network involving 1160 nodes/10,318 edges. Proteins were related to energy pathways, spermidine biosynthesis, and putrescine metabolism. Label-free quantitative proteomics allowed the identification of differentially regulated proteins in specific strains such as putrescine aminotransferase, arginine decarboxylase, and l-histidine-binding protein. Additionally, 123 peptides were characterized as virulence factors and 299 peptide biomarkers were selected to identify bacterial species in fish products. This study presents the most extensive proteomic repository and progress in the science of food biogenic bacteria and could be applied in the food industry for the detection of bacterial contamination that produces histamine and other biogenic amines during food processing/storage.
The present review represents an update on the fundamental role played by the Rho factor, which facilitates the process of Rho-dependent transcription termination in the prokaryotic world; it also ...provides a summary of relevant mutations in the Rho factor and the insights they provide into the functions carried out by this protein. Furthermore, a section is dedicated to the putative future use of Rho (the ‘taming’ of Rho) to facilitate biotechnological processes and adapt them to different technological contexts. Novel bacterial strains can be designed, containing mutations in the
rho
gene, that are better suited for different biotechnological applications. This process can obtain novel microbial strains that are adapted to lower temperatures of fermentation, shorter production times, exhibit better nutrient utilization, or display other traits that are beneficial in productive Biotechnology. Additional important issues reviewed here include epistasis, the design of TATA boxes, the role of small RNAs, and the manipulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, by some pathogenic bacteria, to invade eukaryotic cells.
Key points
•
It is postulated that controlling the action of the prokaryotic Rho factor could generate major biotechnological improvements, such as an increase in bacterial productivity or a reduction of the microbial-specific growth rate.
• The review also evaluates the putative impact of epistatic mechanisms on Biotechnology, both as possible responsible for unexpected failures in gene cloning and more important for the genesis of new strains for biotechnological applications
• The use of clathrin-coated vesicles by intracellular bacterial microorganisms is included too and proposed as a putative delivery mechanism, for drugs and vaccines.
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