Across two studies, we explored the relationship between Black civilians' encounters with the police, their attitudes toward the police, perceptions of police legitimacy, and metadehumanization ...perceptions. We predicted the more negative Black individuals' encounters with the police, the more unfavorable their views of police would be (attitudes and perceived legitimacy) and the more likely they would believe police believe Black people are less than human. We further hypothesized that the relationships between Black Americans negative counters with the police and their views of the police would be mediated by metadehumanization.
Black Americans (
= 522,
= 35.85) were either asked about the quality of their interactions with police (Study 1) or randomly assigned to write about a positive, negative, or neutral encounter with police (Study 2). They completed attitudes toward the police and police legitimacy and metadehumanization measures.
Study 1 found the more negative Black individuals' encounters with the police were, the more negative their views were toward police and the more they believed police saw them as less than human. This relationship was partially mediated by metadehumanization. Study 2 demonstrated a causal relationship between negative police encounters and negative perceptions of the police; however, metadehumanization only partially mediated this relationship.
Negative encounters with the police may have lasting negative implications on Black citizens' perceptions of legitimacy but more research is necessary regarding the role of metadehumanization perceptions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Objective:
Anecdotal narratives and recent qualitative research with Black atheists document experiences of racial identity denial from the target's perspective. However, no research to date has ...examined whether Black perceivers perceive Black atheists as being weakly identified with their race. Because belief in God is often inextricably linked with Black racial identity in the Black community, we hypothesized that Black atheists would be perceived as less Black than nonatheists.
Method:
Black/African American adults (n = 343) were randomly assigned to view one of three Black individual's social networking profiles (i.e., a Christian, an atheist, and religion not explicitly mentioned). After, they reported their perceptions of the targets' perceived racial identity and trustworthiness.
Results:
Black participants, regardless of how strongly they identified racially, perceived a Black Atheist as less racially identified than a Black Christian or someone whose religious affiliation was unknown. Additionally, a Black atheist was perceived as less trustworthy than a Black Christian.
Conclusions:
Black atheists experience general anti-atheist bias (e.g., perceived as untrustworthy), as well as unique anti-atheist bias in the form of racial identity denial. These findings extend previous research on identity denial and intragroup dynamics and advance our understanding of the relationship between religious identification and racial identity denial within the Black community.
Public Significance Statement
Anecdotal narratives suggest that atheism in the Black community is something that authentically Black people do not do. The results from this study support that notion by finding that Black people perceive Black atheists as being less racially identified compared to Black people who do not identify as atheists. Black atheists in the United States, who are a minority within a minority, face unique anti-atheist bias due to the intersections of their racial and religious identities.
Studies concerning the contact heating of food products remain relatively rare in the literature despite the importance of this mode of heat transfer in many operations (grilling, pan-frying).
To ...deal with this, kinetics of product water loss and temperature rise were recorded during contact heating of potato slices in order to examine the influence of the heating power and of the presence or not of an oil layer below the heated product. From the experimental data acquired, a 2D mathematical model based on a moving boiling-front approach was developed and validated allowing the determination of contact heat transfer coefficient values of 512.2 ± 12.4 W m−2.K−1 and 197.5 ± 5.8 W m−2.K−1 for experiments with and without oil respectively. The analysis of the simulation results showed that the overall heating of the product is limited by: (i) the evaporation of liquid water at the location of a boiling front propagating within the heated product and (ii) by the development of a dried region (crust) in the lower part of the product acting as a thermal insulating layer. It should also be noted that the determination of the contact heat transfer coefficient can become an incidental problem (especially for experiments with oil) since the thermal contact resistance is often much lower than the thermal resistance associated with conduction in the dried region of the product.
•Contact heating of sliced potato was studied at different heating powers, with oil or not.•A 2D model with moving boiling front adapted to contact heating was validated.•Oil below the product enhances heat transfer only at the beginning of heating.•Water evaporation and crust formation limit product heating by contact.
Historians, Black liberation theologians, and Black/Pan-African nationalists have long argued that individuals' beliefs regarding Jesus' race are related to their racial attitudes and ideologies that ...maintain racial hierarchy. In the current study, we examined the relationship between beliefs about Jesus' race, racial attitudes, social dominance orientation (SDO), and colorblind racial ideology (CBRI). We found that individuals who believe Jesus is White were higher in both explicit and subtle forms of anti-Black prejudice (i.e., symbolic racism) and had higher feelings of warmth toward White people than individuals who believe Jesus is non-White. In addition, we found that those who believe Jesus is White, versus non-White, had a higher preference for group-based social hierarchy and were more likely to endorse CBRI. Analyses indicated that SDO and CBRI fully mediated the relationship between believing Jesus is White and explicit anti-Black attitudes. The relationship between believing Jesus is White and subtle anti-Black prejudice was also fully mediated by CBRI. These findings advance research on the relationship between religiosity and prejudice by demonstrating that individuals' racial conceptualizations of religious deities are related to how they feel toward racial groups and the extent to which they endorse ideologies that maintain social hierarchy. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.
Among the problems that confront nation‐builders in new states is dealing with their country's informal sector and its politics, manifest not only in the informal economy of markets and hidden ...transactions, but also its traditional authority systems, networks of patronage, bonds of ethnic and other parochial identities, and illicit activities, including corruption and criminal organisations. Some of these aspects of the informal sector have survived from pre‐independence or colonial periods. Others, like kleptocracy and the criminalisation of the state, are outgrowths of the new state and its leadership cadre. These problems largely arise in the so‐called juridical state, the legal‐rational construct of new statehood, and reflect the failure, or unwillingness of the managers of the new state to move beyond the juridical state to the empirical state, that is, to nationhood and a generalised national identity and citizenship.
Two considerations prompted my negative review: one was what I saw were shortcomings in the analysis due to a failure to address the larger contextual issues raised by the original question, and the ...other, the willingness of the authors, in my view unwarranted, to accept the conjunction of Jewish Holocaust reparations with the demands for reparations for slavery and colonialism.
Arnold Heidenheimer and Victor T. Le Vine several times team-taught a course on political corruption, and for the better part of 2 years they worked together on the first edition of the Corruption ...Handbook. His books and articles on German and European politics were broadly influential. But it was Arnold's scholarship in public policy and political corruption that had the greatest impact on the social sciences and its practitioners. His view and, in particular, the way he posed questions were highly original. Arnold thought that one possible new direction lay in assessing the effects of globalization on corruption, particularly given the rise of cross-national monitoring networks, a subject which he began to explore in a paper submitted to the 2001 American Political Science Association meetings shortly before he died. In it, he suggested that the new developments made it necessary to depart from the old black-grey-white metaphoric classification of corrupt practices, in favor of a "polychromatic rendering" more sensitive to contemporary variants.
The literature on ethnicity and ethnic conflict still fails to yield either definitional precision or usable empirical referents for the study of either phenomenon. An article offers a critique of ...the key literature on these subjects and a prepositional inventory summarizing points of scholarly agreement, a discussion of the empirical problems that face scholars in this field, and, finally, a general model for the analysis of particular ethnic conflicts, including consideration of the correlative tangents of resolution intervention.
Recent advances for patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been shown to improve progression-free survival with both response rates and disease stabilizing activity. ...Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, and sunitinib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor-r and platelet-derived growth factor-r, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration since 2005/2006. This retrospective analysis of patients treated with both aforementioned kinase inhibitors for advanced RCC presents data related to their antitumor effects as well as safety profile with particular attention to dose interruption and modification requirements.
This was a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with RCC either with advanced disease at initial presentation or after first-line therapy, who received either continuous sorafenib 400 mg bid or sunitinib 50 mg Qday for 4 weeks on and 2 weeks off until disease progression or untoward drug reaction. Tumor response was evaluated by response evaluation criteria in solid tumors criteria, and adverse events were graded by National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria.
From December 2005 to May 2008, 34 patients were followed. Twenty-two patients received sorafenib first line, 10 received sunitinib first line, and 2 patients received sorafenib as third-line therapy. Twenty-nine were evaluable for response rates. There were 10 patients (34%) who had stabilization of disease, 8 patients (28%) who had a partial response, and 11 patients (38%) who had progression of disease. The progression-free survival median was 8 months. Of the 34 patients evaluable for toxicities, grade 3 or 4 adverse event occurred in 19 patients (56%). These patients required either dose modifications and/or treatment interruptions within an average of the first 2 weeks of treatment. Eight patients (24%) required drug discontinuation. Eleven patients (32%) required dose reductions, but were able to resume the targeted dose after slow dose escalation. Three patients (9%) remain dose reduced for greater than 12 weeks.
Sorafenib and sunitinib have extended patients' disease-free survival by several months; however, the initial grade 3 or 4 adverse event presented in the literature appear to have been under-reported. Our experience suggests that the first 4 weeks of treatment is the most likely timeframe within which drug reactions occur. Therefore, careful monitoring and possibly additional clinical visits are warranted during this time period. Although a significant percentage of patients require dose modification, many can be restarted and titrated up to the targeted dose.
