Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms originating in the skin, with mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) representing the most common variants. The cellular ...origin of cutaneous lymphomas has remained controversial owing to their immense phenotypic heterogeneity that obfuscates lineage reconstruction on the basis of classical surface biomarkers. To overcome this heterogeneity and reconstruct the differentiation trajectory of malignant cells in MF and SS, TCR sequencing was performed in parallel with targeted transcriptomics at the single-cell resolution among cutaneous samples in MF and SS. Unsupervised lineage reconstruction showed that Sézary cells exist as a population of CD4+ T cells distinct from those in patch, plaque, and tumor MF. Further investigation of malignant cell heterogeneity in SS showed that Sézary cells phenotypically comprised at least 3 subsets on the basis of differential proliferation potentials and expression of exhaustion markers. A T helper 1–polarized cell type, intermediate cell type, and exhausted T helper 2–polarized cell type were identified, with T helper 1– and T helper 2–polarized cells displaying divergent proliferation potentials. Collectively, these findings provide evidence to clarify the relationship between MF and SS and reveal cell subsets in SS that suggest a possible mechanism for therapeutic resistance.
This paper presents a decentralized method for multi-target search problem using a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles with the information available from the onboard sensors. The proposed method deals ...with three main objectives: Time optimized multi-target search, optimized payload drops and inter-UAV collision avoidance which is independent of the number of UAVs. The proposed controller uses a modified Particle Swarm Optimization for cooperative multi-target search and is called Multi-Target Particle Swarm Optimization (MTPSO). The controller's performance is evaluated on Ardupilot's SITL platform for realistic simulations in various case-scenarios. Moreover, the performance of the controller with various inertial functions is also analyzed for different case-scenarios. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by comparison with existing search methods. 0
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different recycling (also known as reconditioning) methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of ceramic brackets.Methods: Fifty mechanically ...retentive polycrystalline ceramic brackets and 50 mandibular bicuspids were used in this study. The teeth were divided into 5 groups and bonded with new (group 1) or reconditioned brackets. The reconditioning methods were sandblasting (group 2), sandblasting + silane (group 3), hydrofluoric (HF) acid + silane (group 4), and Er:YAG laser (group 5). The SBS of brackets were assessed and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were determined. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey, and chi-square tests at P<0.05.Results: The highest SBS value was observed in brackets treated with sandblasting + silane (19.26 ± 3.30 MPa), which was comparable to both the control (19.01 ± 3.12 MPa) and sandblasting (16.98 ± 3.13 MPa) groups. Treatment with hydrofluoric acid + silane (9.46 ± 3.43 MPa) and Er:YAG laser (9.71 ± 1.23 MPa) yielded significantly lower SBS values than the other study groups (P<0.05). The highest overall ARI scores were observed in the HF acid + silane and Er:YAG laser group, indicating more adhesive remnants on the enamel surface.Conclusions: Sandblasting, with or without silane treatment, effectively restored the bond strength of ceramic brackets to almost initial values. Although recycling with hydrofluoric acid + silane or Er:YAG laser produced lower bond strengths, they still surpassed the clinical threshold of 7.8 MPa, making them viable options for bracket reconditioning in clinical settings.
A surge of COVID-19 occurred from March to June 2021, in New Delhi, India, linked to the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccines were rolled out for health care workers (HCWs) ...starting in January 2021.
To assess the incidence density of reinfection among a cohort of HCWs and estimate the effectiveness of the inactivated whole virion vaccine BBV152 against reinfection.
This was a retrospective cohort study among HCWs working at a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India.
Vaccination with 0, 1, or 2 doses of BBV152.
The HCWs were categorized as fully vaccinated (with 2 doses and ≥15 days after the second dose), partially vaccinated (with 1 dose or 2 doses with <15 days after the second dose), or unvaccinated. The incidence density of COVID-19 reinfection per 100 person-years was computed, and events from March 3, 2020, to June 18, 2021, were included for analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Estimated vaccine effectiveness (1 - adjusted HR) was reported.
Among 15 244 HCWs who participated in the study, 4978 (32.7%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. The mean (SD) age was 36.6 (10.3) years, and 55.0% were male. The reinfection incidence density was 7.26 (95% CI: 6.09-8.66) per 100 person-years (124 HCWs 2.5%, total person follow-up period of 1696 person-years as time at risk). Fully vaccinated HCWs had lower risk of reinfection (HR, 0.14 95% CI, 0.08-0.23), symptomatic reinfection (HR, 0.13 95% CI, 0.07-0.24), and asymptomatic reinfection (HR, 0.16 95% CI, 0.05-0.53) compared with unvaccinated HCWs. Accordingly, among the 3 vaccine categories, reinfection was observed in 60 of 472 (12.7%) of unvaccinated (incidence density, 18.05 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 14.02-23.25), 39 of 356 (11.0%) of partially vaccinated (incidence density 15.62 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 11.42-21.38), and 17 of 1089 (1.6%) fully vaccinated (incidence density 2.18 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 1.35-3.51) HCWs. The estimated effectiveness of BBV152 against reinfection was 86% (95% CI, 77%-92%); symptomatic reinfection, 87% (95% CI, 76%-93%); and asymptomatic reinfection, 84% (95% CI, 47%-95%) among fully vaccinated HCWs. Partial vaccination was not associated with reduced risk of reinfection.
These findings suggest that BBV152 was associated with protection against both symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfection in HCWs after a complete vaccination schedule, when the predominant circulating variant was B.1.617.2.
The Cambrian sequence, designated as the Kunzam
La
Formation, is exposed along the c
La
ssical Parahio Valley section and also on left bank of the Khemangar
khad
in the Parahio Valley (Spiti), the
La
...tter constitutes the lowermost exposed part of the Kunzum
La
Formation. The lower part of the Parahio Valley section and outcrop near the left bank of the Khemangar
khad
were studied for integrated litho-ichnofacies and ichnofabric analysis. The study establishes a genetic re
La
tionship of the strata of these two localities. Five lithofacies are recognised in both the examined sections. The lithofacies indicate a wave-dominated shallow marine environment of deposition for these Cambrian rocks. The overall calcu
La
ted ichnofabric indices in 74 m exposed strata at the Khemangar
khad
locality range from ii1=
80
.% (represented by
25.8
m), ii
2
=
17
% (represented by
5.4
m) and ii
4
=
2.5
% (represented by
0.8
m). The
42
m rocks examined in the main Parahio Valley section indicate ichnofabric indices ranging from ii
1
=
37
% (represented by
17.8
m), ii
2
=
21
% (represented by
8.0
m), ii
3
=
40
% (represented by
15.2
m) and ii
4
=
2.0
% (represented by
1.0
m). The presence of archetypal
Cruziana
ichnofacies, parallel and wavy
La
minations, hummocky cross stratification (HCS) and trough cross stratification (TCS) supports a wave-dominated shallow water environment from upper shoreface to middlelower shoreface setup for the deposition of the lowermost part of the Kunzum
La
Formation in the Parahio Valley.
We precisely demarcate the Hayden level 2 in the Kunzam La (Parahio) Formation, exposed on a steep hill on the left bank of the Parahio River in Spiti (India), which brackets the (local) ...stratigraphic range of Oryctocephalus indicus, a key taxon for establishing the base of the Cambrian Series 3 (Stage 5) and perhaps the Cambrian Series 2–Series 3 boundary interval globally. The FAD and LAD of O. indicus are observed at 7.74 and 14.61m respectively, indicating 6.87m stratigraphic range of the taxon along the Parahio valley section. The O. indicus Zone is demarcated with precise stratigraphic range of the eponymous species. The FADs of Pagetia and Kunmingaspis together at 7.34m predate the FAD of O. indicus 7.74m. Pagetia ranges from the Cambrian Series 2 (Stage 4) to the Cambrian Series 3 (Stage 5) and its occurrence is consistent with the global occurrences. Eosoptychoparia (Danzhaina) sp. is recorded for the first time from the Indian Himalaya. The base of the Cambrian Series 3 is considered to be placed at the FAD of the O. indicus.
Cette étude délimite avec précision le niveau Hayden 2 dans la Formation de Kunzam La (=Parahio), affleurant sur la rive gauche de la rivière Parahio au Spiti (Inde). Ce niveau représente la répartition stratigraphique d’Oryctocephalus indicus, un taxon clé pour établir la base de la Série 3 du Cambrien (Étage 5) et peut-être la limite globale Cambrien Série 2–Série 3. Les FAD et LAD d’O. indicus sont observées, respectivement, à 7,74 et 14,61m, et indiquent ainsi une répartition stratigraphique de 6,87m du taxon tout au long de la section Parahio. La zone d’O. indicus coïncide exactement avec la répartition stratigraphique de ce taxon. Les FADs de Pagetia et Kunmingaspis coïncident à 7,34m et précèdent le FAD d’O. indicus à 7,74m. Pagetia est présent de la Série 2 (Étage 4) à la Série 3 (Étage 5) du Cambrien, ce qui est consistant avec sa répartition globale. Eosoptychoparia (Danzhaina) sp. est mis en évidence pour la première fois dans l’Himalaya indien. La base de la Série 3 du Cambrien doit être corrélée avec le FAD d’O. indicus.
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