► We review existing peer-reviewed research assessing nutrition label use via eye tracking. ► We identify label characteristics indicated by this review to impede consumer use. ► Label position, ...format, size, and orientation all relate to consumer use. ► We suggest label modifications to increase consumer viewing and comprehension.
Nutrition labels on food packages are among the most prominent and far-reaching policy measures related to diet and have the capacity to promote healthy eating. Unfortunately, certain nutrition label characteristics may impede consumer detection and comprehension of labels. Research using precise cameras monitoring consumer visual attention (i.e., eye tracking) has begun to identify ways in which label design could be modified to improve consumers’ ability to locate and effectively utilize nutrition information. The present paper reviews all published studies of nutrition label use that have utilized eye tracking methodology, identifies directions for further research in this growing field, and makes research-based recommendations for ways in which labels could be modified to improve consumers’ ability to use nutrition labels to select healthful foods.
Coatings with dynamic surface structures are appealing to many applications like haptics and soft robotics. Restrictively, the speed of the surface dynamics in these coatings is often limited to ...frequencies below 1 kHz, which makes them unsuitable for applications like acoustics and communication optics. This work describes a method to create high‐frequency surface dynamics controlled by alternating electric fields on a substrate‐contact‐modulated coating that consists of an elastic poly(dimethyl siloxane) network supported by SU‐8 microstructures. The principle is based on the global application of Maxwell stress that is locally resisted by the supporting SU‐8 microstructures. In‐between the microstructures the elastic material is stretched, causing a large deformation of the surface topography, which is supported by the authors’ finite element method models. By applying a high‐frequency alternating field, they discovered resonance effects at frequencies up to 230 kHz, where the surface of the coating vibrates at high speeds and large amplitudes. At these high frequencies, the coatings can produce and detect ultrasound waves underwater, indicating their potential for ultrasound transducers in the future.
This paper describes a method to create high‐frequency surface dynamics controlled by alternating electric fields on a substrate‐contact‐modulated coating that consists of an elastic poly(dimethyl siloxane) network supported by SU‐8 microstructures. At high‐frequency alternating fields the coatings can produce and detect ultrasound waves underwater due to resonance effects, indicating their potential for ultrasound transducers in the future.
A technology for manufacturing an aluminium grid onto a silicon wafer has been developed. The grid is fixed parallel and precisely to the wafer (anode) surface at a distance of
50
μ
m
by means of ...insulating pillars. When some 400
V are applied between the grid and (anode) wafer, gas multiplication occurs: primary electrons from the drift space above the grid enter the holes and cause electron avalanches in the high-field region between the grid and the anode. Production and operational characteristics of the device are described. With this newly developed technology, CMOS (pixel) readout chips can be covered with a gas multiplication grid. Such a chip forms, together with the grid, an
integrated device which can be applied as readout in a wide field of gaseous detectors.
A small drift chamber was read out by means of a MediPix2 readout chip as a direct anode. A Micromegas foil was placed
50
μ
m
above the chip, and electron multiplication occurred in the gap. With a ...He/isobutane 80/20 mixture, gas multiplication factors up to tens of thousands were achieved, resulting in an efficiency for detecting single electrons of better than 90%. We recorded many frames containing 2D images with tracks from cosmic muons. Along these tracks, electron clusters were observed, as well as
δ
-rays.
A transmitter pre-emphasis technique for copper cable equalization is presented that is based on pulse-width modulation (PWM). This technique is an alternative to the usual 2-tap symbol-spaced FIR ...(SSF) pre-emphasis. The technique uses timing resolution instead of amplitude resolution to adjust the filter transfer function, and therefore fits well with future high-speed low-voltage CMOS processes. Spectral analysis and time domain simulations illustrate that PWM pre-emphasis offers more relative high frequency boost than 2-tap SSF. Only one coefficient needs to be set to fit the equalizer transfer function to the channel, which makes convergence of an algorithm for automatic adaptation straightforward. A proof-of-concept 0.13- mu m CMOS transmitter achieves in excess of 5 Gb/s (2-PAM) over 25 m of standard RG-58U low-end coaxial copper cable with 33 dB of channel loss at the Nyquist frequency (2.5 GHz). Measured BER at this speed and channel loss is <10 super(-12).
Abstract Background Patients with a preoperative needle-biopsy diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may have an indication for a sentinel lymph node biopsy if invasive carcinoma is found. We ...investigated how often a positive sentinel node and invasive carcinoma occurred in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS and whether this influenced the adjuvant regime. Materials and Methods From 2005 to 2014, the records of 240 patients with needle-biopsy diagnosis of DCIS were retrospectively reviewed for postoperative pathology outcomes of the sentinel node and breast, and decisions on adjuvant treatment. Descriptive statistics, univariable- and multivariable analysis were used. Results 160 of 240 patients underwent a sentinel node biopsy. Sixteen of 85 patients undergoing lumpectomy had occult invasive cancer. One patient had a micrometastasis. In patients undergoing mastectomy, 30 of 155 patients had occult invasive cancer. One patient had a micrometastasis and three had a macrometastases. Eleven patients received adjuvant treatment as a result of invasive cancer. Three patients received adjuvant treatment (radiotherapy of the axilla or axillary dissection) due to node positivity. These patients underwent a primary mastectomy. Conclusion A positive sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with needle-biopsy diagnosis of ductal DCIS is rare and rarely changes adjuvant regimes. Current Dutch guidelines should be updated.
We have applied the Medipix2 pixel CMOS chip as direct anode readout for a TPC. For the gas amplification two options have been investigated: (i) a three-stage GEM system and (ii) a Micromegas mesh. ...The structure of the cloud of primary electrons, left after interactions of
55
Fe quanta with the gas is visible with unprecedented precision. This proof-of-principle is an essential step in our project to realize a monolithic pixel sensor with integrated Micromegas, to be developed specially for the readout of TPCs, and applicable for drift chambers in general.
A Gigabit per second read-out system for Medipix Quads Visser, Jan; van der Heijden, B.; Weijers, S.J.A. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
05/2011, Letnik:
633
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A system to read-out images from four photon-counting Medipix chips at one Gigabit per second has been constructed in a bilateral collaboration between Nikhef and PANalytical. The system consists of ...two printed circuit boards. One board supports the four Medipix readout ASICs, flip-chipped to a single pixellized semiconducting sensor on top. This board is mounted perpendicular on the Relaxd read-out board. This Relaxd board supplies the necessary voltages to the Medipix readout ASICs, controls all signals to and from these chips via a low-power Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA, Lattice SC series) and communicates with a PC through a standard one Gigabit per second Ethernet connection (GbE). The T-shaped mechanical topology allows multiple modules to be mounted adjacent to each other in all directions (2D tiling) and to minimise the insensitive area between separate Relaxd modules. An overview of the system layout and the functionality is presented as well as the first test results.
A photon-counting hybrid pixel detector (Medipix-1) has been characterized using a synchrotron X-ray source. The detector consists of a readout ASIC with 64×64 independent photon-counting cells of ...170×170
μm
2 pitch, bump-bonded to a 300
μm thick silicon sensor, read out by a PCIbus-based electronics, and a graphical user interface (GUI) software. The intensity and the energy tunability of the X-ray source allow characterization of the detector in the time, space, and energy domains. The system can be read out on external trigger at a frame rate of 100
Hz with 3
ms exposure time per frame. The detector response is tested up to more than 7×10
5 detected events/pixel/s. The point-spread response shows <2% crosstalk between neighboring pixels. Fine scanning of the detector surface with a 10
μm beam reveals no loss in sensitivity between adjacent pixels as could result from charge sharing in the silicon sensor. Photons down to 6
keV can be detected after equalization of the thresholds of individual pixels. The obtained results demonstrate the advantages of photon-counting hybrid pixel detectors and particularly of the Medipix-1 chip for a wide range of X-ray imaging applications, including those using synchrotron X-ray beams.
With ongoing CMOS evolution, the gate-oxide thickness steadily decreases, resulting in an increased radiation tolerance of MOS transistors. Combined with special layout techniques, this yields ...circuits with a high inherent robustness against X-rays and other ionizing radiation. In bandgap voltage references, the dominant radiation-susceptibility is then no longer associated with the MOS transistors, but is dominated by the diodes. This paper gives an analysis of radiation effects in both MOS devices and diodes and presents a solution to realize a radiation-hard voltage reference circuit in a standard CMOS technology. A demonstrator circuit was implemented in a standard 0.13 mum CMOS technology. Measurements show correct operation with supply voltages in the range from 1.4 V down to 0.85 V, a reference voltage of 405 mV plusmn 7.5 mV ( sigma = 6 mV chip-to-chip statistical spread), and a reference voltage shift of only plusmn1.5 mV (around 0.8%) under irradiation up to 44 Mrad (Si).
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