Dagens linjära materialflöde leder till att nyttjandegraden av råvaror är låg, vilket tömmer ut världens resurser och mängden avfall ökar. Samtidigt skapar den ökande världsbefolkningen och ...världsekonomin ett större tryck på dagens resurser vilket inte är hållbart i längden. Genom att övergå till cirkulär ekonomi betraktas genererat avfall som en resurs, vilket ökar resursutnyttjandet i samhället. Byggbranschen är den verksamhet som genererar mest avfall i Sverige och stor del av den genererade mängden är träavfall. Idag energiutvinns i stort allt trä som kasseras och samtidigt sker ett ökat intresse för användning av materialet. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur och i vilken mängd träavfall från bygg- och rivningsarbete kan materialåtervinnas före energiutvinning. Denna studie har kartlagt innehållet av tre containrar med träavfall från olika byggskeden; stomme, inredning och rivning. Kartläggningen utfördes med en sorteringsmetod som togs fram med hjälp av litteraturstudie och samtal med företag. De fyra möjliga sorteringsalternativ som togs fram under studien var Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä, Lamellträ och Spånplattor. Kartläggningen visar att fördelningen av träavfall varierar stort beroende på byggskede. Vid inredning är det mycket lastpallar, träskivor och reglar, detsamma gäller för stomme dock med en färre andel skivmaterial. Vid maximal utdelning för stomme kan 19 % av träavfallet gå till Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä 2 %, Lamellträ 35 % och Spånplattor 100 %. Vid rivning fanns endast treetex och råspont vilket endast kan användas till Spånplattor. För inredning kan 12 % av träavfallet gå till Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä 3 %, Lamellträ 10 % och Spånplattor 100 %. För stomme och inredning är resultatet baserat på en accepterad sortering för grånat och smutsigt virke för de två förstnämnda alternativen. Slutsatsen blir att allt träavfall kan användas till bättre alternativ än energiutvinning. Tills problemen med Korslimmat trä och Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning har lösts bör sortering ske utefter Lamellträ och Spånplattor.
Today's linear material flows leads to a low utilization of raw materials, which depletes the world's resources and the amount of waste increases. At the same time, the growing world population and world economy are creating more pressure on today's resources which is not sustainable in the long run. By converting to a circular economy, generated waste is regarded as a resource, which increases the utilization of resources in society. When it comes to generated waste, the construction industry is the biggest sector in Sweden and wood waste is a large part of the generated amount. Almost all wood waste today is combusted for energy recovery, and at the same time, there is an increased interest in using the material. The purpose of the study is to find out how, and in what amount, wood waste from construction and demolition work can be recycled before energy recovery. This study has made a survey of the contents of three containers with wood waste from different construction stages; frame, fixing and demolition. The survey was carried out using a sorting method that was developed by studying literature and speaking with companies. The four possible sorting options that were found during the study were Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber, Laminated wood and Particleboard. The survey shows that the distribution of wood waste varies greatly depending on the stage of construction. In the fixing stage, there are a lot of pallets, wooden boards and studs. The same goes for the frame stage, however, with a smaller proportion of board material. The maximum percentages for each of the sorting options for the frame stage are 19 % to Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber 2 %, Laminated wood 35 % and Particleboard 100 %. During demolition, there were only treetex and tongued and grooved board that can only be used for Particleboard. For the fixing stage, 12 % of the wood waste can go to Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber 3 %, Laminated wood 10 % and Particleboard 100 %. For the frame and fixing stage the results are based on an accepted sorting of gray and dirty wood for the two first mentioned sorting options. The conclusion is that all wood waste can be used for better alternatives than energy recovery. Until problems with Cross-laminated timber and Finger jointed / Reuse have been solved, sorting should be based on Laminated wood and Particleboard.
In a distributed grid environment with ambitious service demands the job submission and management interfaces provide functionality of major importance. Emerging e-science and grid infrastructures ...such as EGEE and DEISA rely on highly available services that are capable of managing scientific jobs. It is the adoption of emerging open standard interfaces which allows the distribution of grid resources in such a way that their actual service implementation or grid technologies are not isolated from each other, especially when these resources are deployed in different e-science infrastructures that consist of different types of computational resources. This paper motivates the interoperability of these infrastructures and discusses solutions. We describe the adoption of various open standards that recently emerged from the open grid forum (OGF) in the field of job submission and management by well-known grid technologies, respectively gLite and UNICORE. This has a fundamental impact on the interoperability between these technologies and thus within the next generation e-science infrastructures that rely on these technologies.
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) increases the rate of 36Cl- efflux from preloaded rat hippocampal slices in a dose-dependent manner (EC50: 400 microM). This action has the pharmacological specificity ...expected of activation of GABA receptors in that it is mimicked by the agonists muscimol and 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, and blocked by the antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxinin. GABA uptake inhibitors, nipecotic acid and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, fail to increase 36Cl- flux. Pentobarbital produces a dose-dependent activation (EC50 = 1.5 mM) of 36Cl- efflux with maximal response greater than that of GABA. The effect of pentobarbital can be mimicked by 1,3-dimethylbutylbarbiturate, secobarbital, (+)hexobarbital but not (-)hexobarbital, and is blocked by bicuculline and picrotoxinin. Pentobarbital and the other active barbiturates also potentiate the action of GABA. Phenobarbital does not have any effect independently or in combination with GABA. It is suggested that GABA increases 36Cl- permeability by activation of a postsynaptic receptor which is in turn functionally coupled to a barbiturate receptor.
