More than 600 residual nuclei, formed in the spallation of 136Xe projectiles impinging on deuterium at 500 AMeV of incident energy, have been unambiguously identified and their production cross ...sections have been determined with high accuracy. By comparing these data to others previously measured for the reactions 136Xe + p at 1 AGeV and 136Xe + p at 500 AMeV we investigated the role that neutrons play in peripheral collisions and to understand the energy dissipation in frontal collisions in spallation reactions.
In order to study the emission of energetic electrons induced by the impact of swift heavy ions on thin solid targets, we carried out a series of experiments at the Superconducting Cyclotron of the ...Catania Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS) in November and December 2001. We bombarded solid thin targets, ranging from carbon to bismuth, with different ion beams at fixed velocity, i.e. ∼23 MeV/nucleon
197Au
36+,
58Ni
14+ and
12C
3+. Absolute velocity spectra were measured in a wide laboratory angular range, from 1.5° to 175°. At forward angles, besides the well-known convoy and binary encounter components with the beam velocity and two times the beam velocity respectively, we observe also a high velocity tail and an intermediate velocity component. At backward laboratory angles, the spectra remain complex, still presenting an energetic tail. These electron velocity spectra strongly depend on the beam and target atomic numbers. We suggest a Fermi–Shuttle (or multiscattering) mechanism and an in-flight-emission of projectile Auger electrons to explain some of the observed features in the velocity spectra.
The high-energy programme of the HINDAS European project has provided a large amount of experimental data and led to a better understanding of the spallation reaction mechanism and the development of ...more reliable spallation models. These data, or the new models, which have been implemented into high-energy transport codes, can be now used to predict with a larger confidence or, at least with a known uncertainty, some important quantities for the design of spallation sources. In this paper, examples concerning the residue production in a Pb–Bi target and the high-energy neutrons escaping the target are presented. In the first case, the activity and the amount of radioactive volatile elements that can be released, in case of a containment failure, are calculated and the level of confidence of the calculation is assessed. The second example shows that the models correctly predict the high-energy tail of the neutron spectrum, which is important for radioprotection in the facility.
The isotopic distributions and recoil velocities of the fission fragments produced in the spallation reaction
208Pb +
p at 500
A MeV have been measured using the inverse-kinematics technique, a lead ...beam onto a liquid-hydrogen target, and the high-resolution spectrometer FRS at GSI. The shapes of the different distributions are found in good agreement with previously published data while the deduced total fission cross-section is higher than expected from existing systematics and some previous measurements. From the experimental data, the characteristics of the average fissioning system can be reconstructed in charge, mass and excitation energy, and the average number of post-fission neutrons can be inferred. The results are also compared to different models describing the spallation reaction. The intranuclear cascade code INCL4 followed by the de-excitation code ABLA is shown to describe reasonably well the evolution of the isotopic distribution shapes between 500 and 1000
A MeV.
Directed and elliptic flow for the Au + Au system at incident energies between 40 and 150 MeV per nucleon has been measured using the INDRA 4 pi multi-detector. For semi-central collisions, the ...elliptic flow of Z <= 2 particles switches from in-plane to out-of-plane enhancement at around 100 MeV per nucleon, in good agreement with the result reported by the FOPI Collaboration. The directed flow changes sign at a bombarding energy between 50 and 60 MeV per nucleon and remains negative at lower energies. The conditions for the appearance and possible origins of negative flow are discussed.
We have observed a bimodal behaviour of the distribution of the asymmetry between the charges of the two heaviest products resulting from the decay of the quasi-projectile released in binary
Xe
+
Sn
...and
Au
+
Au
collisions from 60 to 100 MeV/u. Event sorting has been achieved through the transverse energy of light charged particles emitted on the quasi-target side, thus avoiding artificial correlations between the bimodality signal and the sorting variable. Bimodality is observed for intermediate impact parameters for which the quasi-projectile is identified. A simulation shows that the deexcitation step rather than the geometry of the collision appears responsible for the bimodal behaviour. The influence of mid-rapidity emission has been verified. The two bumps of the bimodal distribution correspond to different excitation energies and similar temperatures. It is also shown that it is possible to correlate the bimodality signal with a change in the distribution of the heaviest fragment charge and a peak in potential energy fluctuations. All together, this set of data is coherent with what would be expected in a finite system if the corresponding system in the thermodynamic limit exhibits a first order phase transition.
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