Vzorce mulja smo nabrali v šestih jamah v Narodnem parku Risnjak v Gorskem kotarju. Da bi kar najbolj omejili neposreden antropogeni vpliv, smo vzorčili v težko dostopnih razpokah in breznih. Vzorce ...smo pedološko analizirali in jim izmerili vsebnost težkih kovin. Rezultati so pokazali nizko vsebnost svinca, bakra in cinka, ki je nižja kot v večini hrvaških jam, medtem ko je vsebnost kadmija višja kot v drugih jamah. Vsebnost težkih kovin v jamah je nižja kot v humusnem horizontu. Samples of silt were taken from six speleological objects in the Risnjak National Park in Gorski kotar area (NW Croatia). The samples were taken from almost inaccessible rock fissures and shafts in order to find the most natural sediment outside the reach of anthropogenic pollution. The samples were examined in the Laboratory of the Forest Research Institute, where standard pedological analyses were performed, and the content of several heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd) was determined. The results indicate relatively low values of the content of lead, copper and zinc, while the values of cadmium in the sediment were increased above the limit level of 2 mgkg-1 in the majority of speleological objects. The content of other heavy metals (Pb, Cu and Zn) in mgkg-1 was lower than previously determined in samples taken from other speleological objects on the Croatian territory. Also, the content of heavy metals was lower in relation to surface soil samples taken from the humus horizon and mineral part of the soil under the parent rock of limestone, when sampling the soils of the Risnjak National Park.
In the area of Durdevacki pijesci (Northern Croatia), at the end of 19 super(th) ct, forestation with the Scotch and Austrian pine has been carried out; later on it has been performed with the black ...Locust as well, the aim of which was to calm the active sands down and to stop the "Croatian desert" to spread, together with improving of the ecological life conditions. After about 100 years, this work analyses the forest vegetation influence on some soil characteristics and crop productivity. The investigated vegetation spread in an area of forest community of Peduncled Oak and Common Hornbeam (Carpino betuli-Quercetum roboris, Anic 1956 ex. Raus 1969). The average annual precipitation quantity is 950 mm; the average annual air temperature is 10,1 oC. The parent material of soils contains 78-80% SiO sub(2) and 2-4% CaO + MgO. The most important results of these researches are: On sand area in north Croatia (Durdevacki Pijesci) in the period of 90-110 years under the forest of Austrian pine, Scotch pine and Black Locust there has been formed - Rubic, Folic, Protic, Endogleyic, Haplic Arenosols (Dystric, Greyic, Novic, Transportic). From the mentioned research and soil data it can be concluded that the forest vegetation had a strong influence on a progressive direction of the soil evolution. The sands represent a very recent pedogenetic formation belonging mainly to the genetic-evolutionary stage of leached sirozem (grey desert soils) with a tendency of future development towards the initial Leptosol (Ranker).Original Abstract: Na podrucju Durdevackih pijesaka u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj pri kraju 19. stoljeca posumljeni su pijesci s obicnim i crnim borom. Nakon nekog vremena na podrucju pijesaka poceo je pridolaziti i obicni bagrem. Posumljavanje je radeno u svrhu smirivanja pijesaka u tadasnjoj "Hrvatskoj pustinji" te kako bi se pripremili ekoloski uvjeti za prirodnu obnovu i rast suma na torn podrucju. Srednja godisnja kolicina padalina je 950 mm, srednja godisnja temperatura 10,1 Co. Maticni supstrat sadrzi 78-80% SiO sub(2) i 2-4% CaO + MgO. U ovome radu istrazuje se utjecaj vegetacije na tla tijekom 27 godina rasta sume crnog i obicnog bora te bagrema. Istrazivano podrucje po vegetacijskim obiljezjima pripada u sumsku zajednicu hrasta luznjaka i obicnoga graba (Carpino betuli-Quercetum roboris, Anic 1956 ex. Raus 1969). Prema podacima istrazivanja moze se zakljuciti kako postoji utjecaj sumske vegetacije na arenosole na podrucju Durdevackih pijesaka. Na pijescima je rasprostranjen tip tla Arenosol, a recentna pedogeneza i evolucija tala odvija se progresivno prema tipovima tola: sirozemima (Regosol) i dalje prema rankerima.
The largest and the most coherent complexes of natural spruce stands in Croatia are currently distributed in the altimontane and subalpine vegetation belt of Velebit over an area of 3165 ha and ...altitudes ranging from 1100 to almost 1600 m. Past phytocoenological research into spruce forests in northern Velebit distinguishes three different associations: frost valleys of Štirovača and Apatišanska Duliba support the altimontane spruce forest with bastard agrimony (Aremonio-Piceetum Horvat 1938), shallower sink holes and slopes descending from the surrounding tops contain the altimontane-subalpine spruce forest with Laserpitium krapfii (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum Vukelić et al. 2010), while rocky tops, hips, karrens and ridges feature the subalpine spruce forest with small-reed (Calamagrostio variae-Piceetum Bertović 1975). These associations are distributed as azonal, microclimatically and edaphically conditioned associations, of which spruce forest with bastard agrimony occurs in the belt of Dinaric beech-fir forest (Omphalodo-Fagetum) while the two others grow in a higher belt of subalpine beech forest with buttercup (Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum). Their mutual differences result from ecological factors which are decisive for their occurrence and distribution. Of these, the edaphic relationships which we explored in this work draw particular interest. Composite samples were taken from the top layer up to 5 cm deep (13 composite samples composed of 9 individual samples each), pedological profiles were opened (11 profiles), and soil samples were taken by pedogenetic horizons within pedological research in three spruce communities: altimontane spruce forest with bastard agrimony (Aremonio-Piceetum), altimontane-subalpine spruce forest with Laserpitium krapfii (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum), and subalpine spruce forest with small-reed (Calamagrostio-Piceetum) in the area of northern Velebit and Štirovača. Composite samples, taken from the top soil layer up to 5 cm deep, consisted of 9 samples, each taken at a distance of 1 m in a cross pattern. Soil samples were analyzed by means of the following laboratory methods: determination of pH values (HRN ISO 10390:2005), determination of CaCO3 content (HRN ISO 10693:2004), determination of organic and total carbon and nitrogen with dry combustion (HRN ISO 10694:2004, HRN ISO 13878:2004), determination of concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd (HRN ISO 11466:2004), and determination of the granulometric soil composition (HRN ISO 11277:2004). Descriptive statistics were made for all the samples by the investigated phytocoenosis. Variance analysis was used to test the differences between the composite soil samples for the layer of up to 5 cm in depth. Statistica 7.0 software was used for this purpose. The analyses of composite soil samples taken from a depth of 5 cm in three different spruce communities (Aremonio-Piceetum, Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum and Calamagrostio-Piceetum) showed than the lowest pH value was recorded in the community Aremonio-Piceetum, followed by the community Calamagrostio-Piceetum, while the highest value was recorded in the community Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum. The average pH (H2O) value in the community Aremonio-Piceetum reaches 4.35, in Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum it is 5.56 and in Calamagrostio-Piceetum it is 5.23. In terms of pH values for soil depths of up to 5 cm, the communities Aremonio-Piceetum and Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum (pH H2O, p=0.01447; pH CaCl2, p=0.01668) show a statistically significant difference. In all the communities the surface soil layer is richly humous and well supplied with nitrogen. It is the richest in the community Calamagrostio-Piceetum, where the average value of C org amounts to 131.6 g kg–1 and N tot. to 9.3 g kg–1 (Table 3). The C : N ratio in all the three communities is favourable and ranges between 11 and 15. The average depth of the humus-accumulative horizon amounting to 6.5 cm is the lowest in the community Aremonio-Piceetum. It is higher in the community Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum where it reaches 7.5 cm and the highest in the community Calamagrostio-Piceetum, where it is 21 cm. The content of pH values, C org., N tot. in the hummus-accumulative horizon shows similar values and an identical trend to composite soil samples at a depth of up to 5 cm. In terms of the argyle-accumulative and cambic horizon, the lowest pH value is observed in the community Aremonio-Piceetum, where the average pH (H2O) value is 5.30. In the community Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum, the average pH (H2O) value is 6.92. The highest pH value is observed in the community Calamagrostio-Piceetum, where the average pH (H2O) value reaches 7.21, but it is only one profile opened in the shallow and distinctly skeletal calcocambisol. All the soils have a texture ranging from silty to clayey loam. Soil reaction was the only parameter to show statistically significant differences for the top soil layer. These differences relate to the communities Aremonio-Piceetum and Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum. The lowest pH value in the community Aremonio-Piceetum is conditioned by acid parent material, flat relief which additionally favours the podzolization process in the perhumid climate, while specific microclimatic conditions, frost sites and high air humidity cause more intensive accumulations of raw humus. In relation to the pH reaction, the lowest acidity is displayed by the association Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum, as confirmed by phytocoenological research (Vukelić et al. 2010), according to which this community, compared to others, has the biggest number of species of the order Fagetalia. These species are dominant in adjacent, mainly neutrophilic beech and beech-fir forests. All the three studied communities, Aremonio-Piceetum, Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum and CalamagrostioPiceetum, manifested high Pb contamination in the surface soil layer of up 5 cm. The average Pb content (median) in the community Aremonio-Piceetum amounts to 54.5 mg kg–1, in the community Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum to 65.0 mg kg–1, and in the community Calamagrostio-Piceetum to 54.7 mg kg–1. The top soil layer of 5 cm in the communities Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum and Calamagrostio-Piceetum also manifested high Zn and Cd contamination. The average content (median) in the community Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum for Zn is 101.0 mg kg–1 and for Cd it is 1.0 mg kg–1, whereas in the community Calamagrostio-Piceetum it is 75.0 mg kg–1 for Zn and 1.9 mg kg–1 for Cd.
SažetakU razdoblju od 2011. do 2013. godine u Hrvatskom šumarskom institutu načinjena je zbirka monolita najvažnijih šumskih tala. Zbirka je izrađena novom metodom pričvršćivanja pomoću epoksidne ...smole. Nakon što se iskopa pedološka jama, pripremi se čelo profila i načini se prizma tla dimenzije 20 cm X 100 cm i debljine 5 cm. Prizma se podijeli na razmake od po 10 cm. Podjela nam je potrebna zbog što vjernijeg prenošenja tla na podlogu načinjenu od vodootpornog drveta i ograničenu letvicama 2 X 3 cm. Oštrom alatkom se odvoji dio tla (oko 10 cm) i prenese u okvir koji mora biti položen horizontalno, a u njemu je premazan sloj epoksidne smole debljine do 1 cm. Nakon što se malo prosuši na zraku, monolit se učvršćuje s bezbojnim mat lakom i nakon toga se može prikazati u okomitom položaju ili objesiti na zid nekog izložbenog prostora. Nova metoda je jednostavnija i brža jer nije potreban masovni monolit u sanduku koji je teško ponekad transportirati do prve prometnice.
Šume su, kao što je općenito poznato, najvrjedniji obnovljivi prirodni resurs i opće dobro od iznimnog interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku.
Priroda je neponovljiva u svojoj različitosti, bogatstvu i ...ljepoti, koja posebno dolazi do izražaja u Hrvatskoj koja svoju iznimnu geografsku i biološku raznolikost duguje snažnom ispreplitanju mediteranskih, pretplaninskih, dinarskih i panonskih biogeografskih utjecaja na relativno malom prostoru.Temeljna su načela hrvatskoga šumarstva potrajno gospodarenje s očuvanjem prirodne strukture i raznolikosti šuma te trajno održavanje stabilnosti i kakvoće gospodarskih i općekorisnih funkcija šuma.
U većini zemalja svijeta ljudskom djelatnošću značajno je promijenjen prirodni sastav šuma, no u Hrvatskoj je on zadržan na gotovo cijelom području upravo zahvaljujući uskoj suradnji znanosti i struke. Neprekinutih 50 godina ove suradnje obilježeno je ovim znanstveno-stručnim skupom, istovremeno posvećenom i Međunarodnoj godini šuma, koju je na prijedlog Hrvatske proglasila Skupština Ujedinjenih naroda na svojoj sjednici 20. prosinca 2006. godine.
Šumarstvo je znanost, struka i umijeće gospodarenja i očuvanja šuma i staništa, odnosno cijelog šumskog ekosustava, za trajnu dobrobit društva, okoliša i privrede. Ova tvrdnja koja vrlo sažeto definira šumarstvo, nastala je kao rezultat dugogodišnjeg razvoja šumarstva i šumarske znanosti, koja kod nas u Hrvatskoj i u našem dijelu Europe bilježi stalni razvoj. Šumarska znanost i šumarstvo Hrvatske, kao rijetko koje znanstveno polje kod nas, nastaje istovremeno kad i u središnjoj Europi, iz opravdanog straha od nestanka šuma, zbog onovremenog stihijskog postupanja sa šumom.
Navodeći povijesne podatke o nastanku i razvoju hrvatskog šumarstva, posebice naglašavamo aktivnosti šumarskih stručnjaka s ciljem osnivanja nastavnih i znanstvenih šumarskih institucija.Te su aktivnosti postale temelji naših današnjih znanstvenih i sveučilišnih institucija u koje spada i Hrvatski šumarski institut.
Hrvatski šumarski institut ušao je u 66. godinu svojeg djelovanja,te danas predstavlja moderan institut koji raspolaže zgradama, laboratorijima, modernom opremom, rasadnikom i mnogobrojnim terenskim pokusnim objektima. Najvažnije od svega je to što se u njemu nalaze relativno brojni i pretežno mladi, visokokvalificirani znanstvenici,koji su jamstvo njegovog opstanka, budućnosti i kvalitetnoga rada.
Radovi koji su predstavljeni u ovom posebnom izdanju daju uvid u sadržaj rada Hrvatskog šumarskog instituta te brojnost i raznolikost znanstvenih područja kojima se njegovi znanstvenici bave.
Hrvatski šumarski institut, Dr.sc. Boris Vrbek
Predsjednik Znanstvenog vijeća
Many soil classification systems (including Croatian Soil Classification - CSC) do not treat urban (technogenic) soils adequately. Moreover, in different parts the world, different names for similar ...urban soils are often used. All this hampers effective management of these increasingly important soils. The main aim was to classify three typical Sisak City soils according to CSC and international WRB system. Additional aim was to assess soil contamination by heavy metals. In two soil profiles pedogenetic A horizon was formed. Hence, according to CSC, we classified these soils as Rendzinas and not Technogenic soils. Given that CSC does not include a subtype of Rendzina on deposited land material, it was proposed. In one profile, topsoil organic matter accumulated mainly due to human activity, so it was classified according to CSC as a Deposol on land material. Since CSC offers no criteria for further systematization of Deposols, we proposed some. According to WRB, two soils were systemized as Technosols, but one was not. Namely, since one soil did not contain enough artefacts to qualify as a Technosol, it was classified as a complex (buried) soil (Regosol over Retisol). However, qualifier Relocatic could be used to indicate dominant human influence on this profile. Compared with CSC, WRB was more suitable for classifying these soils. Accordingly, CSC should be updated. According to the reference threshold for parks and recreational areas, heavy metals contents were below maximum allowed values in each soil. However, contents of some metals were over the threshold for agricultural soils.
Na području Štirovače na Velebitu pristupilo se istraživanju fiziografskih
znaćčjki tala kao i njihovoj sistematskoj pripadnosti. Na većem dijelu istraživanog područja rasprostranjeni su prema ...geološkim podacima vapnenci i dolomiti, brečokonglomerati i tufitični klastiti. Najrasprostranjenije tlo je sme|e tlo na dolomitima i vapnencima, crnice na vapnencima, kisela sme|a tla te sme|a podzolasta tla. U manjem dijelu Štirovače prevladavaju koluvijalna tla koja su nastala
recentnim premještanjem zemljišnog materijala tijekom jačih bujičnih vodotoka te pod djelovanjem leda i snijega, i lesivirana tla koja su na zaravnjenim dubokim matičnim supstratima te u vrtačama. Ovisno o litološkoj podlozi na području Štirovače, tla su kisela (distrično sme|a tla, smeđa podzolasta, podzoli i luvisoli) i neutralna do alkalična (smeđa tla na vapnencima i dolomitima, crnice na vapnencima rendzine i eutrično smeđe tlo).
Na području Đurđevačkih pijesaka u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj pri kraju 19. stoljeća pošumljeni su pijesci s običnim i crnim borom. Nakon nekog vremena na području pijesaka počeo je pridolaziti i obični ...bagrem. Pošumljavanje je rađeno u svrhu smirivanja pijesaka u tadašnjoj “Hrvatskoj pustinji” te kako bi se pripremili ekološki uvjeti za prirodnu obnovu i rast šuma na tom području. Srednja godišnja količina padalina je 950 mm, srednja godišnja temperatura 10,1 Co. Matični supstrat sadrži 78–80 % SiO2i 2-4 % CaO + MgO. U ovome radu istražuje se utjecaj vegetacije na tla tijekom 27 godina rasta šume crnog i običnog bora te bagrema. Istraživano područje po vegetacijskim obilježjima pripada u šumsku zajednicu hrasta lužnjaka i običnoga graba (Carpino betuli-Quercetum roboris, Anić 1956 ex. Rauš 1969). Prema podacima istraživanja može se zaključiti kako postoji utjecaj šumske vegetacije na arenosole na području Đurđevačkih pijesaka. Na pijescima je rasprostranjen tip tla Arenosol, a recentna pedogeneza i evolucija tala odvija se progresivno prema tipovima tala: sirozemima (Regosol) i dalje prema rankerima.
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