Archaeological dental calculus, or mineralized plaque, is a key tool to track the evolution of oral microbiota across time in response to processes that impacted our culture and biology, such as the ...rise of farming during the Neolithic. However, the extent to which the human oral flora changed from prehistory until present has remained elusive due to the scarcity of data on the microbiomes of prehistoric humans. Here, we present our reconstruction of oral microbiomes via shotgun metagenomics of dental calculus in 44 ancient foragers and farmers from two regions playing a pivotal role in the spread of farming across Europe-the Balkans and the Italian Peninsula. We show that the introduction of farming in Southern Europe did not alter significantly the oral microbiomes of local forager groups, and it was in particular associated with a higher abundance of the species
sp. oral taxon 807. The human oral environment in prehistory was dominated by a microbial species, Anaerolineaceae bacterium oral taxon 439, that diversified geographically. A Near Eastern lineage of this bacterial commensal dispersed with Neolithic farmers and replaced the variant present in the local foragers. Our findings also illustrate that major taxonomic shifts in human oral microbiome composition occurred after the Neolithic and that the functional profile of modern humans evolved in recent times to develop peculiar mechanisms of antibiotic resistance that were previously absent.
In this contribution we dismantle the perceived role of marine resources and plant foods in the subsistence economy of Holocene foragers of the Central Mediterranean using a combination of dental ...calculus and stable isotope analyses. The discovery of fish scales and flesh fragments, starch granules and other plant and animal micro-debris in the dental calculus of a Mesolithic forager dated to the end of the 8th millenium BC and buried in the Vlakno Cave on Dugi Otok Island in the Croatian Archipelago demonstrates that marine resources were regularly consumed by the individual together with a variety of plant foods. Since previous stable isotope data in the Eastern Adriatic and the Mediterranean region emphasises that terrestrial-based resources contributed mainly to Mesolithic diets in the Mediterranean Basin, our results provide an alternative view of the dietary habits of Mesolithic foragers in the Mediterranean region based on a combination of novel methodologies and data.
This paper advances knowledge of human behavioural and adaptational strategies in coastal areas related to acquiring, producing and distributing ornaments, specifically, the omnipresent marine ...gastropod Columbella rustica. By applying quantitative and qualitative approaches to the most extensive collection of Columbella rustica shells in the Eastern Adriatic region discovered in the Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic levels of Vlakno cave in Croatia, we have determined the complete step-by-step life cycle of this bead type, in particular, where and how shells were collected, produced, used, distributed and discarded. By integrating different methodologies, our data revealed changes in the collection strategies, reduction of the shell size during the Mesolithic period, and standardisation and continuity in production techniques. Detailed analyses of broken shells in the archaeological assemblage identified the presence of technological traces resulting from processing mistakes, supporting our hypothesis of on-site production. A significant share of used and unused standardised beads points that bead production at this site was for personal use but also likely for the exchange and distribution systems. Standardised, systematic and long-lasting activity related to the ornaments places Vlakno cave as one of the leading centres for maintaining regional exchange and communication networks in the Eastern Adriatic region during significant climatic and environmental changes happening in this region in the Late Pleniglacial and the early Holocene. Detecting on-site activities related to the ornaments in Vlakno cave has extended our understanding of how symbolic motives influenced the settlement model of the Late Pleniglacial and Early Holocene hunter-gatherers in Eastern Adriatic region and overall contributed to fundamental questions about the complexity of ancient human societies' adaptation strategies.
•Chaîne opératoire and in-situ production of C. rustica ornaments•Changes in collection strategies reflected in size reduction•Standardization of production techniques in Eastern Adriatic•Archaeological broken shells as processing mistakes
Cilj. Otvoreni istraživački podaci postaju bitan čimbenik istraživačkog procesa u svim znanstvenim disciplinama, pa tako i u arheologiji koja je predmet ovoga rada. Samim tim dio su i procesa ...oblikovanja novoga znanja. Cilj je ovog istraživanja utvrđivanje i opis čimbenika oblikovanja istraživačkih podataka povezanih s arheologijom i otvorenom znanosti kojima se može utjecati na unaprjeđenje kvalitete otvorenih istraživačkih podataka u svrhu njihove ponovne uporabe u novim istraživanjima i arheološkoj zajednici.
Pristup/metodologija/dizajn. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom sadržajne analize dostupnih članaka i publikacija koji su proizašli iz znanstvenih istraživanja te projekata u području arheologije i otvorene znanosti.
Rezultati. Pregledom i sadržajnom obradom relevantnih članaka ukazuje se na najznačajnije odrednice istraživačkih podataka te na tradiciju primjene digitalne tehnologije u arheologiji. Kroz istraživanje je definirano sedam faza primjene digitalne tehnologije koje je moguće percipirati kao razine zrelosti primjene digitalne tehnologije. Otvoreni istraživački podaci i njihova ponovna uporaba od interesa su za istraživačku, ali i širu zajednicu. Kao čimbenici istraživačkih podataka u arheologiji utvrđeni su arheološki podaci, arheološki zapis, životni ciklus istraživačkih podataka, digitalni objekt, strukturirani i povezani otvoreni podaci, citiranje otvorenih istraživačkih podataka, digitalni repozitorij i kvaliteta otvorenih istraživačkih podataka. Kod svakog od navedenih čimbenika istraženi su, opisani i povezani pojedini fenomeni. Proces je bitan jer se samo tako može osigurati povjerenje korisnika u istraživačke podatke za ponovnu uporabu, odnosno osigurati potrebna razina kvalitete otvorenih istraživačkih podataka. Utvrđena su daljnja područja istraživanja s obzirom na granularnost trajnog identifikatora u području arheologije i dimenzije kvalitete istraživačkih podataka za ponovnu uporabu.
Ograničenja. U okviru ovog istraživanja u obzir su uzeti samo radovi koji su objavljeni na hrvatskome ili engleskom jeziku, pa nisu uključeni rezultati relevantnih istraživanja predstavljenih na drugim jezicima. Istraživanja o otvorenim istraživačkim podacima u mnogim su sredinama u začetku. Veći broj istraživanja koji je proveden i objavljen u publikacijama za područje arheologije temelji se na studijima slučaja ili na prigodnim uzorcima. Ovim istraživanjem nisu detaljnije istraženi metapodaci.
Praktična primjena. Kreiranje otvorenih istraživačkih podataka zahtijeva sudjelovanje istraživača ili stručnjaka iz područja arheologije, ali i informacijskih znanosti. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu im pomoći u razumijevanju primjene digitalne tehnologije te unaprjeđenju procesa nastajanja, pohrane, dugotrajnog očuvanja, kao i ponovne uporabe otvorenih istraživačkih podataka.
Originalnost/vrijednost. Istraživanja o otvorenim istraživačkim podacima na području Hrvatske u početnoj su fazi. Nedostaju istraživanja o tome kako je moguće kreirati otvorene istraživačke podatke i kako ih ponovno upotrijebiti. Ovaj rad daje doprinos u proširenju spoznaja o digitalnom tijeku pohranjivanja istraživačkih podataka u arheologiji, čimbenicima oblikovanja otvorenih istraživačkih podataka te dimenzijama kvalitete za njihovu ponovnu uporabu.
The recently discovered Vlakno Cave, situated in the central part of the island of Dugi Otok (Croatia), is one of the most prominent Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites along the eastern part of ...the Adriatic coast. Its uninterupted stratigraphy offers a rare opportunity to study the response of Pleistocene populations to a post-glacial environment. The artifact assemblage shows a gradual transition toward a typical Mesolithic assemblage, but with strongly pronounced Epigravettian traditions. Subtle changes within mostly uniform material culture are best seen in the ornamental assemblage, but similar patterns can be observed in subsistence strategies and lithic production. The Epigravettian deposits are dominated with the remains of red deer. Changes can be observed with the beginning of the Holocene, when marked diversification of mammalian taxa is accompanied with an increasing number of fish and molluscs remains.
The Zadar region is exceptionally rich in Middle Palaeolithic materials discovered in the area from Ražanac and Nin to the Zadar islands (Dugi otok, Silba and Pag). Sites correspond closely to raw ...material choice, as well as typological and technological characteristics of tools. Distinct microlithization is the main factor by which industries such as the Micro-Mousterian are classified. These kinds of materials are also characterized by preserved cortex on the core and tools made on primary and secondary flakes. The abundance and accessibility of smaller sized raw materials led Neanderthal groups to develop techniques that maximized tool size in as efficient manner as possible.
Izvor – špilja Ričina u Buškome jezeru Vujević, Dario; Dilber, Stipan
Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu,
2018, Letnik:
35, Številka:
-
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Izvor – špilja Ričina nalazi se na širem području zaseoka Vrilo u blizini Tomislavgrada. Dio je većega kompleksa, točnije riječ je o tri špiljska ulaza međusobno povezana špiljskim kanalima koji su ...nastali korozivnim djelovanjem snažnoga podzemnog toka. Za vrijeme viših vodostaja akumulacijskoga jezera kompleks, ali i područje uokolo je potopljeno. Špiljski kompleks je već prije speleološki dokumentiran, a prilikom jednoga posjeta speleolozi su ispred špilje uočili ostatke kremenoga oruđa. Pronalazak je potaknuo arheološka istraživanja prilikom kojih je, ispred ulaza u pećinu, pronađeno mjesto izrade litičkih predmeta. Tanki kulturni sloj i prostorna dispozicija nalaza asocira na sekundarni položaj nalaza, ali geomorfološke karakteristike terena pokazuju da je, ipak, riječ o izvornoj zoni litičke obrade. Postojanje gotovo svih faza lanca operacija (nedostaje jedino faza prikupljanja sirovine) ukazuje kako se cjelokupni proces obrade odvijao na ovome mjestu. Iako kronološke analize za sada nisu moguće, tipološke i tehnološke karakteristike, uz pojavu obrađenih sječiva, grebala i pločica s hrptom, sasvim jasno ukazuju na epigravetijensku kulturu. Time nalazište na izvoru Ričine postaje prvo paleolitičko nalazište na prostoru zapadne Hercegovine
The Ričina spring cave is located in the wider region of the Vrilo hamlet in the vicinity of Tomislavgrad. It is a part of a larger complex, more precisely there are three cave entrances mutually connected with cave channels, created as a consequence of the corrosive activity of a strong underground stream. The complex and the surrounding region are flooded when there is a high water level in the reservoir. The cave complex
has already been documented speleologically, and remains of stone tools were noticed by speleologists in one of their visits to the cave. This discovery incited archaeological research that resulted in the identification of a place in front of the cave where lithic objects were made. The thin cultural layer and spatial disposition of the finds imply their secondary position, but the geomorphological characteristics of the terrain indicate that it was the original zone of lithic production. The presence of almost all the phases of the operational sequence (only the collection of raw material is missing) indicates that the entire process of production happened at this spot. Though chronological analyses are unavailable for the time being, typological and technological characteristics, along with the presence of retouched blades, end scrapers and backed bladelets, clearly indicate the Epigravettian culture. It means that the site at the source of Ričina is the first Palaeolithic site in the western Herzegovina region
U okviru terenske nastave studenata arheologije Odjela za arheologiju Sveučilišta u Zadru 2007. godine poduzeta su istraživanja triju tumula na Ljubačkoj kosi. Pri tom je otkriveno sedam ...inhumacijskih pokopa i brojni prilozi po kojima se posebno ističe tumul 1. Pronađeni prilozi omogućili su datiranje tumula približno u II. fazu liburnske kulture ili 8./7. st. pr. Kr.
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