Understanding Jupiter's interior Militzer, Burkhard; Soubiran, François; Wahl, Sean M. ...
Journal of geophysical research. Planets,
September 2016, 2016-09-00, 20160901, Letnik:
121, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article provides an overview of how models of giant planet interiors are constructed. We review measurements from past space missions that provided constraints for the interior structure of ...Jupiter. We discuss typical three‐layer interior models that consist of a dense central core and an inner metallic and an outer molecular hydrogen‐helium layer. These models rely heavily on experiments, analytical theory, and first‐principles computer simulations of hydrogen and helium to understand their behavior up to the extreme pressures ∼10 Mbar and temperatures ∼10,000 K. We review the various equations of state used in Jupiter models and compare them with shock wave experiments. We discuss the possibility that helium rain, core erosion, and double diffusive convection have affected the structure and evolution of giant planets. In July 2016 the Juno spacecraft entered orbit around Jupiter, promising high‐precision measurements of the gravitational field that will allow us to test our understanding of gas giant interiors better than ever before.
Key Points
We review 25 years of spacecraft exploration of giant planets
We discuss models for Jupiter's interior
We discuss the results from shock wave experiments and ab initio computer simulations
Chronic pancreatitis, a known risk factor for the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), is a serious, widespread medical condition characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and acinar ...to ductal metaplasia (ADM). ADM is a cell type transdifferentiation event where pancreatic acinar cells become ductal-like under conditions of injury or oncogenic mutation. Here, we show that chronic pancreatitis and ADM in genetically wild type mice results in the formation of a significant population of chemosensory tuft cells. Transcriptomic analyses of pancreatitis tuft cells identify expression of inflammatory mediators, consistent with a role for tuft cells in injury progression and/or resolution. Though similar to tuft cell populations in other organs and disease systems, we identified a number of key differences that suggest context-specific tuft cell functions. We evaluated seven different mouse strains for tuft cell formation in response to chronic injury and identified significant heterogeneity reflecting varying proclivity for epithelial plasticity between strains. These results have interesting implications in the role of epithelial plasticity and heterogeneity in pancreatitis and highlight the importance of mouse strain selection when modeling human disease.
Merle is a pattern of coloring observed in the coat of the domestic dog and is characterized by patches of diluted pigment. This trait is inherited in an autosomal, incompletely dominant fashion. ...Dogs heterozygous or homozygous for the merle locus exhibit a wide range of auditory and ophthalmologic abnormalities, which are similar to those observed for the human auditory-pigmentation disorder Waardenburg syndrome. Mutations in at least five genes have been identified as causative for Waardenburg syndrome; however, the genetic bases for all cases have not been determined. Linkage disequilibrium was identified for a microsatellite marker with the merle phenotype in the Shetland Sheepdog. The marker is located in a region of CFA10 that exhibits conservation of synteny with HSA12q13. This region of the human genome contains SILV, a gene important in mammalian pigmentation. Therefore, this gene was evaluated as a candidate for merle patterning. A short interspersed element insertion at the boundary of intron 10/exon 11 was found, and this insertion segregates with the merle phenotype in multiple breeds. Another finding was deletions within the oligo(dA)-rich tail of the short interspersed element. Such deletions permit normal pigmentation. These data show that SILV is responsible for merle patterning and is associated with impaired function of the auditory and ophthalmologic systems. Although the mutant phenotype of SILV in the human is unknown, these results make it an intriguing candidate gene for human auditory-pigmentation disorders.
Read-across and grouping is one of the most commonly used alternative approaches for data gap filling in registrations submitted under the REACH Regulation as defined by the European Chemicals Agency ...(ECHA) in their ‘Read-Across Assessment Framework’ (RAAF, 2017). At the same time, the application of read-across is rejected by ECHA frequently due to various reasons. As a major reason hereof, applicants fail to reduce the level of ‘remaining uncertainty’ intrinsical to every read-across approach compared to testing a substance experimentally. Recently, the use of metabolomics to support read-across cases with biological information has been reported in a case study with phenoxy herbicides (Ravenzwaay et al., 2016). In the present case-study a ‘weight-of-evidence’ read-across approach from 2-aminoethanol (MEA = ‘source’) to 3-aminopropanol (3AP = ‘target’) with metabolomics as ‘supporting evidence’ reducing the remaining uncertainties is reported. We demonstrate the high structural similarity of the two analogous substances based on the available data and we report how metabolome data add confidence concerning mechanistic similarity in this read-across approach. Finally, the herein described read-across case supported by metabolomics is used to cover the data gaps in repeated dose and reproductive toxicity endpoint of 3AP via weight of evidence for the REACH-registration.
•A read across from 2-aminoethanol (MEA) to 3-aminopropanol (3AP) is presented.•Metabolomics is used to add biological information to support the read across case.•BASF's MetaMap®Tox database was used to identify the best read across option.
Climate change is driving compositional shifts in ecological communities directly by affecting species and indirectly through changes in species interactions. For example, competitive hierarchies can ...be inversed when competitive dominants are more susceptible to climate change. The brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus is a foundation species in the Baltic Sea, experiencing novel interactions with the invasive red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla, which is known for its high tolerance to environmental stress. We investigated the direct and interactive effects of warming and co-occurrence of the two algal species on their performance, by applying four climate change-relevant temperature scenarios: 1) cooling ) 2 °C below ambient – representing past conditions), 2) ambient summer temperature (18 °C), 3) IPCC RCP2.6 warming scenario (1 °C above ambient), and 4) RCP8.5 warming (3 °C above ambient) for 30 days and two compositional levels (mono and co-cultured algae) in a fully-crossed design. The RCP8.5 warming scenario increased photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrients' uptake rates of mono- and co-cultured G. vermiculophylla while growth was reduced. An increase in photosynthesis and essential nutrients' uptake and, at the same time, a growth reduction might result from increasing stress and energy demand of G. vermiculophylla under warming. In contrast, the growth of mono-cultured F. vesiculosus significantly increased in the highest warming treatment (+3 °C). The cooling treatment (−2 °C) exerted a slight negative effect only on co-cultured F. vesiculosus photosynthesis, compared to the ambient treatment. Interestingly, at ambient and warming (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios) treatments, both F. vesiculosus and G. vermiculophylla appear to benefit from the presence of each other. Our results suggest that short exposure of F. vesiculosus to moderate or severe global warming scenarios may not directly affect or even slightly enhance its performance, while G. vermiculophylla net performance (growth) could be directly hampered by warming.
Display omitted
•The RCP8.5 scenario significantly affects both Fucus vesiculosus and Gracilaria vermiculophylla.•Warming is detrimental fro G. vermiculophylla growth while beneficial for F. vesiculosus growth.•The macroalgae appear to benefit from the presence of the other species.•The differences in nutrients demand of the two macroalgae suggest resource portioning.
Resveratrol (RES) is a well-known antioxidant, yet in combination with other antioxidant vitamins, it was found to be more effective than any of these antioxidants alone. Present work aims to compare ...the antioxidant actions of resveratrol with and without vitamin C following delivery as liposomes tested using chemical and cellular antioxidative test systems.
Liposomes were prepared by the thin film hydration method and characterised for percent drug entrapment (PDE), Z-average mean size (nm), polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential. Antioxidative capacity was determined by studying the inhibition of AAPH induced luminol enhanced chemiluminescence and inhibition of ROS production in isolated blood leukocytes. Intracellular oxygen-derived radicals were measured using flow cytometry with buffy coats (BC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells using H2DCF-DA dye.
Particle size varied from 134.2±0.265nm to 103.3±1.687nm; PDI ≤0.3; zeta potential values were greater than −30mV and PDE ≥80%. Radical scavenging effect was enhanced with liposomal systems; oxidative burst reaction in BC was inhibited by liposomal formulations, with the effect slightly enhanced in presence of vitamin C. Reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during spontaneous oxidative burst of BC and incubation of HUVECs with H2O2 further intensified the antioxidative effects of pure RES and liposomal formulations.
The present work clearly shows that the antioxidative effects of resveratrol loaded into liposomes are more pronounced when compared to pure resveratrol. Liposomal resveratrol is even active within the intracellular compartments as RES could effectively quench the intracellular accumulation of ROS.
The Post-Licensure Rapid Immunization Safety Monitoring (PRISM) system is a cohort-based active surveillance network initiated by the US Department of Health and Human Services to supplement ...preexisting and other vaccine safety monitoring systems in tracking the safety of monovalent pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine in the United States during 2009-2010. PRISM investigators conducted retrospective analysis to determine whether 2009 H1N1 vaccination was associated with increased risk of any of 14 prespecified outcomes. Five health insurance and associated companies with 38 million members and 9 state/city immunization registries contributed records on more than 2.6 million doses of 2009 H1N1 vaccine. Data on outcomes came from insurance claims. Complementary designs (self-controlled risk interval, case-centered, and current-vs.-historical comparison) were used to optimize control for confounding and statistical power. The self-controlled risk interval analysis of chart-confirmed Guillain-Barré syndrome found an elevated but not statistically significant incidence rate ratio following receipt of inactivated 2009 H1N1 vaccine (incidence rate ratio = 2.50, 95% confidence interval: 0.42, 15.0) and no cases following live attenuated 2009 H1N1 vaccine. The study did not control for infection prior to Guillain-Barré syndrome, which may have been a confounder. The risks of other health outcomes of interest were generally not significantly elevated after 2009 H1N1 vaccination.
Salivary fluid secretion involves an intricate choreography of membrane transporters to result in the trans-epithelial movement of NaCl and water into the acinus lumen. Current models are largely ...based on experimental observations in enzymatically isolated cells where the Ca
2+
signal invariably propagates globally and thus appears ideally suited to activate spatially separated Cl and K channels, present on the apical and basolateral plasma membrane, respectively. We monitored Ca
2+
signals and salivary secretion in live mice expressing GCamp6F, following stimulation of the nerves innervating the submandibular gland. Consistent with in vitro studies, Ca
2+
signals were initiated in the apical endoplasmic reticulum. In marked contrast to in vitro data, highly localized trains of Ca
2+
transients that failed to fully propagate from the apical region were observed. Following stimuli optimum for secretion, large apical-basal gradients were elicited. A new mathematical model, incorporating these data was constructed to probe how salivary secretion can be optimally stimulated by apical Ca
2+
signals.
Background. To our knowledge, the antiviral activity of pegylated interferon alfa-2a has not been studied in participants with untreated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection but ...without chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods. Untreated HIV-1-infected volunteers without HCV infection received 180 mg of pegylated interferon alfa-2a weekly for 12 weeks. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA load, CD4+ T cell counts, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic measurements of 2‘,5’-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) activity, and induction levels of interferoninducible genes (IFIGs) were measured. Nonparametric statistical analysis was performed. Results. Eleven participants completed 12 weeks of therapy. The median plasma viral load decrease and change in CD4+ T cell counts at week 12 were 0.61 log10 copies/mL (90% confidence interval CI, 0.20–1.18 log10 copies/ mL) and -44 cells/μL (90% CI, -95 to 85 cells/μL), respectively. There was no correlation between plasma viral load decreases and concurrent pegylated interferon plasma concentrations. However, participants with larger increases in OAS level exhibited greater decreases in plasma viral load at weeks 1 and 2 (r = -0.75 90% CI, -0.93 to -0.28 and r = -0.61 90% CI, -0.87 to -0.09, respectively; estimated Spearman rank correlation). Participants with higher baseline IFIG levels had smaller week 12 decreases in plasma viral load (0.66 log10 copies/ mL 90% CI, 0.06–0.91 log10 copies/mL), whereas those with larger IFIG induction levels exhibited larger decreases in plasma viral load (-0.74 log10 copies/mL 90% CI, -0.93 to -0.21 log10 copies/mL). Conclusion. Pegylated interferon alfa-2a was well tolerated and exhibited statistically significant anti-HIV-1 activity in HIV-1-monoinfected patients. The anti-HIV-1 effect correlated with OAS protein levels (weeks 1 and 2) and IFIG induction levels (week 12) but not with pegylated interferon concentrations. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00078442.
PDF
