In order to identify cellular genes which interfere with HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MAC), cells were stimulated with interferon (IFN) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leading to a ...pronounced inhibition of HIV-1 infection in these cells, and the resulting gene expression was analyzed. Using the microarray technology we identified a gene named
Stimulated Trans-Acting Factor of 50
kDa (Staf50), which is known to repress the activity of the HIV-1 LTR. Analysis of the Staf50 expression by real-time PCR showed an overexpression in IFNα (up to 20-fold) and LPS (up to 10-fold)-stimulated MAC as well as in infected cells (up to 3-fold). For stable overexpression, 293 T cells and primary macrophages were transduced with Staf50-IRES-GFP bicistronic pseudotype viruses. After transduction, 293 T CD4/CCR5 and MAC were infected with HIV-1, and virus replication was monitored by p24 ELISA. Overexpression of Staf50 inhibited the HIV-1 infection between 50% and 90% in 293 T CD4/CCR5 as well as in MAC. Our findings suggest that host genetic effects in combination with viral properties determine the susceptibility of an appropriate target cell for HIV-1 infection as well as the replication potential of the virus in the cell resulting in an overall productive infection.
ABSTRACT The 163 comets observed during the WISE/NEOWISE prime mission represent the largest infrared survey to date of comets, providing constraints on dust, nucleus size, and CO + CO2 production. ...We present detailed analyses of the WISE/NEOWISE comet discoveries, and discuss observations of the active comets showing 4.6 m band excess. We find a possible relation between dust and CO + CO2 production, as well as possible differences in the sizes of long and short period comet nuclei.
The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) observed 52 Centaurs and scattered disk objects (SDOs) in the thermal infrared, including 15 new discoveries. We present analyses of these observations ...to estimate sizes and mean optical albedos. We find mean albedos of 0.08 + or - 0.04 for the entire data set. Thermal fits yield average beaming parameters of 0.9 + or - 0.2 that are similar for both SDO and Centaur sub-classes. Biased cumulative size distributions yield size-frequency distribution power law indices of ~-1.7 + or - 0.3. The data also reveal a relation between albedo and color at the 3sigma level. No significant relation between diameter and albedos is found.
The 163 comets observed during the WISE/NEOWISE prime mission represent the largest infrared survey to date of comets, providing constraints on dust, nucleus size, and CO + CO{sub 2} production. We ...present detailed analyses of the WISE/NEOWISE comet discoveries, and discuss observations of the active comets showing 4.6 μm band excess. We find a possible relation between dust and CO + CO{sub 2} production, as well as possible differences in the sizes of long and short period comet nuclei.
Inflammatory cytokines and infiltrating T cells are readily detected in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected mouse cornea and trigeminal ganglia (TG) during the acute phase of infection, and certain ...cytokines continue to be expressed at lower levels in infected TG during the subsequent latent phase. Recent results have shown that HSV infection activates Toll-like receptor signaling. Thus, we hypothesized that chemokines may be broadly expressed at both primary sites and latent sites of HSV infection for prolonged periods of time. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymrease chain reaction (RT-PCR) to quantify expression levels of transcripts encoding chemokines and their receptors in cornea and TG following corneal infection. RNAs encoding the inflammatory-type chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3, which are highly expressed on activated T cells, macrophages and most immature dendritic cells (DC), and the more broadly expressed CCR7, were highly expressed and strongly induced in infected cornea and TG at 3 and 10 days postinfection (dpi). Elevated levels of these RNAs persisted in both cornea and TG during the latent phase at 30 dpi. RNAs for the broadly expressed CXCR4 receptor was induced at 30 dpi but less so at 3 and 10 dpi in both cornea and TG. Transcripts for CCR3 and CCR6, receptors that are not highly expressed on activated T cells or macrophages, also appeared to be induced during acute and latent phases; however, their very low expression levels were near the limit of our detection. RNAs encoding the CCR1 and CCR5 chemokine ligands MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES, and the CCR2 ligand MCP-1 were also strongly induced and persisted in cornea and TG during the latent phase. These and other recent results argue that HSV antigens or DNA can stimulate expression of chemokines, perhaps through activation of Toll-like receptors, for long periods of time at both primary and latent sites of HSV infection. These chemokines recruit activated T cells and other immune cells, including DC, that express chemokine receptors to primary and secondary sites of infection. Prolonged activation of chemokine expression could provide mechanistic explanations for certain aspects of HSV biology and pathogenesis.
Extraneural metastases in ependymoma Newton, H B; Henson, J; Walker, R W
Journal of neuro-oncology,
10/1992, Letnik:
14, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Ependymomas, glial neoplasms usually arising in the posterior fossa or spinal cord, rarely metastasize outside the central nervous system. We have reviewed all 81 ependymomas evaluated at MSKCC ...between 1956-1989. Five (6.2%) had extraneural metastases (ENM). The primary tumor was in spinal cord in 3 patients and the cerebral hemisphere in 2. Two tumors were histologically anaplastic; 3 were histologically benign. The 5 patients were 3, 3, 3.5, 16 and 37 years old. Time from initial diagnosis to development of ENM was 0, 15, 35, 40, and 288 months. At the time of ENM the primary tumor was progressing in 4/5 patients. Prior therapy had included resection plus radiation therapy (RT) (1), RT plus chemotherapy (1), resection plus RT plus chemotherapy (2). One patient had not received prior therapy because ENM were present at diagnosis. The sites of ENM included lung and thoracic lymph nodes (2), pleura and peritoneum (2), and liver (1). Both patients with peritoneal ENM had had ventriculoperitoneal shunts. ENM did not correlate with histologic grade, age, or degree of surgical resection. When patients with ependymoma develop signs or symptoms of systemic disease such as abdominal pain, cough, or adenopathy, ENM should be considered.
The 163 comets observed during the WISE/NEOWISE prime mission represent the largest infrared survey to date of comets, providing constraints on dust, nucleus sizes, and CO+CO2 production. We present ...detailed analyses of the WISE/NEOWISE comet discoveries, and discuss observations of the active comets showing 4.6 \(\mu\)m band excess. We find a possible relation between dust and CO+CO2 production, as well as possible differences in the sizes of long and short period comet nuclei.
1. The Purpose of this studay was to investigate species variation in response to some substituted 6-sulphanilamide-pyrimidines, which is related to differences in absorption, distribution, tissue ...binding, rate and route of metabolism and excretion. 2. The fate of the short-acting L.4-dimethy1-6-sulphanilamide-pyrimidine (sulphasonlidine), and the medium-long acting 4-methoxy-4-methy1-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine (sulpha-methomidine) in man was studied in the rat, rabbit, monkey and man. Sulphasomidine was excreted mainly as unchanged drug in all the species examined. The major metabolite of sulpharnethomidine was the N4-acetyl derivative in the rat and rabbit and a glucuronide in monkey and man which was identified as an N1-glucuronide.
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