We present in this paper the state of the art and an analysis of recent research work and achievements performed in the domain of AI-based and vision-based systems for helping blind and visually ...impaired people (BVIP). We start by highlighting the recent and tremendous importance that AI has acquired following the use of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and their ability to solve image classification tasks efficiently. After that, we also note that VIP have high expectations about AI-based systems as a possible way to ease the perception of their environment and to improve their everyday life. Then, we set the scope of our survey: we concentrate our investigations on the use of CNN or related methods in a vision-based system for helping BVIP. We analyze the existing surveys, and we study the current work (a selection of 30 case studies) using several dimensions such as acquired data, learned models, and human–computer interfaces. We compare the different approaches, and conclude by analyzing future trends in this domain.
L'objectif principal est ici de déterminer s'il existe une stratégie de production des outils et d'en définir les différentes modalités. Un échantillon inédit de 19 000 artefacts, issu du niveau C de ...Riencourt-lès-Bapaume et attribuable au début Glaciaire weichselien, a servi de support à l'étude. En se basant sur les analyses technologiques, typologiques et morphométriques, indissociables pour ce type d'approche, diverses questions ont été abordées afin de tester les relations éventuelles entre les supports et les outils. L'hypothèse de réduction fonctionnelle entre les racloirs simples, doubles et convergents, émise par H.L. Dibble, a également été testée. Les résultats montrent une possibilité de réduction fonctionnelle entre les racloirs doubles et les convergents. Par contre, elle ne semble pas effective pour le passage entre les simples et les doubles dans cet échantillon. Par ailleurs, la confrontation des données obtenues a permis de mettre en évidence les capacités d'intentionnalité et d'anticipation des Néandertaliens au cours de la production de leurs outils, ainsi que leur maîtrise des techniques de retouche et leur comportement lors de la sélection des supports d'outils. The main goal of this study is to determine whether a production strategy exists for tools and to define its different modalities. A sample of 19 000 artefacts from level "C" at Riencourt-lès-Bapaume, belonging to the early Weichselian glacial, has been used for this work. Based upon technological, typological and morphometric analysis, several questions have been developed, aimed at testing all possible relations between the materials used and the tools themselves. The functional reduction hypothesis regarding simple side-scrapers, double scrapers and convergent scrapers, theorized by H.L. Dibble, has also been tested. The results show the possibility of functional reduction between double scrapers and convergent scrapers, but not, in this sample, between simple side-scrapers and double scrapers. Moreover, the collation of results has allowed us to reveal intentional and anticipatory capacities of Neanderthals during their tool production, as well as their control of retouching techniques and their behaviour with regard to the choice of support materials for tools.
Ce travail présente les caractéristiques technotypologiques de l'industrie lithique de deux sites de plein air, associés à un banc de silex oligocène. Deux phases d'occupation sont présentes sur ...place. La première présente les caractéristiques de l'Épipaléolithique et se caractérise par la production de supports laminaires obtenus au percuteur de pierre tendre, à partir de nucléus mis en forme. La réalisation de préformes de nucléus pourraient également se rattacher à cette phase culturelle. La seconde période de fréquentation du site date du Mésolithique. Le débitage est orienté vers la production de supports lamellaires détachés au percuteur de pierre tendre, à partir de petits nucléus qui n'ont subi aucune mise en forme. Parallèlement à l'approche technologique de l'industrie, ce sont les comportements humains liés aux différentes modalités d'exploitation du banc de silex qui sont appréhendés. The data collected on the open-air site of Domaine Brisson allow different types of human behaviour to be studied with regard to the exploitation of an Oligocene flint source. The techno-typological analysis allows two cultural phases to be distinguished on the site, the first connected with the Epipalaeolithic, the second with the Mesolithic. The scope of these studies is however limited by the presence of a palimpsest of occupations, by the low number of tools allowing a precise cultural attribution, and by the absence of organic remains allowing absolute dating. For each of these two cultural phases, it is impossible to determine the frequency and the intensity of occupation of the site. Techno-economic approaches allow it to be interpreted as a knapping site. However the modalities of exploitation of the flint source are different in each phase of occupation. The Epipalaeolithic occupation seems less important quantitatively than the following one. The exploitation of the flint source is targeted at the zones where the material is of good quality. The objectives of the Epipalaeolithics are double. The first concerns the acquisition of blocks and the forming of reserves of preforms and good quality blocks with the aim of exploitation later in time and/or elsewhere. Lithic artefacts collected on the site of Maladière illustrate, partially, this spatial fragmentation of the chaîne operatoire. A part of the artefacts put in reserve is thus exported outside the site, some hundreds of metres only in the case of Maladière, to be exploited there. The second objective lies in the production of blades. A part of this production is exported outside the site. The exploitation of the flint mass during the Mesolithic seems less restricting than in the Epipalaeolithic for the simple reason that the major part of the flint source meets the requirements of the Mesolithics in terms of the quality of the material. Modules sought for cores are also easier to obtain, compared with those of the Epipalaeolithic blade cores. The chaîne operatoire of blade knapping is completely present on the site. There are no reserves of blocks or cores with the aim of exported or deferred exploitation. Exporting of part of the bladelet products is possible, but remains difficult to quantify. For each of these two occupations, the manufacture of tools is limited and dominated by tools with low technical investment.
Vande Walle Hélène. Les stratégies de production des outils au Paléolithique moyen : contribution à la compréhension du comportement des Néandertaliens. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique ...française, tome 100, n°1, 2003. p. 173.
Vande Walle Hélène. Les stratégies de production des outils au Paléolithique moyen : contribution à la compréhension du comportement des Néandertaliens. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique ...française, tome 99, n°4, 2002. pp. 829-832.
Abstract
Objective
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated quarantine measures highly impacted parental psychological well-being. Parents of children with chronic diseases might be specifically ...vulnerable as they already face multiple challenges to provide adequate care for their child. The research questions of the current study were twofold: (a) to examine whether parents of children with a chronic disease experienced more anxiety and depression compared to parents of healthy children and (b) to examine a series of risk factors for worsened well-being (i.e., depression, anxiety, and sleep problems), such as sociodemographic variables, COVID-19-specific variables (i.e., financial worries, living space, and perceived quality of health care), and parental psychological experiences (i.e., parental burn-out and less positive parenting experiences).
Methods
Parents of children with a chronic disease (i.e., the clinical sample; N = 599 and 507 for Research Questions 1 and 2, respectively) and parents of healthy children (i.e., the reference sample: N = 417) filled out an online survey.
Results
Findings demonstrated that the parents in the clinical sample reported higher levels of anxiety than parents in the reference sample. Analyses within the clinical sample indicated that COVID-19-specific stressors and parental psychological experiences were associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and sleep problems. Mediation analyses furthermore indicated that the association of COVID-19-specific stressors with all outcome measures was mediated by parental burn-out.
Conclusions
Parents of children with a chronic disease constitute a vulnerable group for worse well-being during the current pandemic. Findings suggest interventions directly targeting parental burn-out are warranted.
As part of its core business of gathering population-based information on new cancer diagnoses, the Belgian Cancer Registry receives free-text pathology reports, describing results of (pre-)malignant ...specimens. These reports are provided by 82 laboratories and written in 2 national languages, Dutch or French. For breast cancer, the reports characterize the status of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2. These biomarkers are related with tumor growth and prognosis and are essential to define therapeutic management. The availability of population-scale information about their status in breast cancer patients can therefore be considered crucial to enrich real-world scientific studies and to guide public health policies regarding personalized medicine. The main objective of this study is to expand the data available at the Belgian Cancer Registry by automatically extracting the status of these biomarkers from the pathology reports. Various types of numeric features are computed from over 1,300 manually annotated reports linked to breast tumors diagnosed in 2014. A range of popular machine learning classifiers, such as support vector machines, random forests and logistic regressions, are trained on this data and compared using their
F
1
scores on a separate validation set. On a held-out test set, the best performing classifiers achieve
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scores ranging from 0.89 to 0.92 for the four classification tasks. The extraction is thus reliable and allows to significantly increase the availability of this valuable information on breast cancer receptor status at a population level.
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