Summary
Background
Up‐to‐date information regarding the recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) after eradication therapy is not available.
Aim
To evaluate the global recurrence rate ...following H. pylori eradication therapy and confirm its association with socioeconomic and sanitary conditions.
Methods
A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library was performed to identify potentially relevant publications using the following keywords: “Helicobacter pylori” or “H. pylori” or “Hp” and “recurrence” or “recrudescence” or “reinfection” or “recurrent” or “recurred” or “re‐infect*” or “relapse*.”
Results
A total of 132 studies (53 934 patient‐years) were analysed. Each study was weighted according to the duration of patient‐years. The global annual recurrence, reinfection and recrudescence rate of H. pylori were 4.3% (95% CI, 4‐5), 3.1% (95% CI, 2‐5) and 2.2% (95% CI, 1‐3), respectively. The H. pylori recurrence rate was inversely related to the human development index (HDI) (ie, 3.1% 95% CI, 2‐4, 6.2% 95% CI, 4‐8 and 10.9% 95% CI, 6‐18 in countries with a very high, high and medium or low HDI) (P <.01) and directly related to H. pylori prevalence (10.9% 95% CI, 7‐16, 3.7% 95% CI, 3‐5, 3.4% 95% CI, 2‐5 and 1.6% 95% CI, 0.5‐3 in countries with a very high, high, medium or low local H. pylori prevalence) (P <.01). Global recurrence rates remained relatively stable between 1990s, 2000s and 2010s but varied across different regions (P <.05).
Conclusions
H. pylori recurrence remains a problem closely associated with socioeconomic and sanitary conditions. Methods to reduce recurrence in developing countries are needed.
Linked ContentThis article is linked to Willington and Gearry, and Roblin et al papers. To view these papers visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14370 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14385.
The key physics of the spin valve involves spin-polarized conduction electrons propagating between two magnetic layers such that the device conductance is controlled by the relative magnetization ...orientation of two magnetic layers. Here, we report the effect of a magnon valve which is made of two ferromagnetic insulators (YIG) separated by a nonmagnetic spacer layer (Au). When a thermal gradient is applied perpendicular to the layers, the inverse spin Hall voltage output detected by a Pt bar placed on top of the magnon valve depends on the relative orientation of the magnetization of two YIG layers, indicating the magnon current induced by the spin Seebeck effect at one layer affects the magnon current in the other layer separated by Au. We interpret the magnon valve effect by the angular momentum conversion and propagation between magnons in two YIG layers and conduction electrons in the Au layer. The temperature dependence of the magnon valve ratio shows approximately a power law, supporting the above magnon-electron spin conversion mechanism. This work opens a new class of valve structures beyond the conventional spin valves.
Necroptosis is mediated by a signaling complex called necrosome, containing receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1, RIP3, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). It is known that RIP1 and RIP3 form ...heterodimeric filamentous scaffold in necrosomes through their RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) domain-mediated oligomerization, but the signaling events based on this scaffold has not been fully addressed. By using inducible dimer systems we found that RIP1-RIP1 interaction is dispensable for necroptosis; RIP1-RIP3 interaction is required for necroptosis signaling, but there is no necroptosis if no additional RIP3 protein is recruited to the RIP1-RIP3 heterodimer, and the interaction with RIP1 promotes the RIP3 to recruit other RIP3; RIP3-RIP3 interaction is required for necroptosis and RIP3-RIP3 dimerization is sufficient to induce necroptosis; and RIP3 dimer-induced necroptosis requires MLKL. We further show that RIP3 oligomer is not more potent than RIP3 dimer in triggering necroptosis, suggesting that RIP3 homo-interaction in the complex, rather than whether RIP3 has formed homo polymer, is important for necroptosis. RIP3 dimerization leads to RIP3 intramolecule autophosphorylation, which is required for the recruitment of MLKL. Interestingly, phosphorylation of one of RIP3 in the dimer is sufficient to induce necroptosis. As RIP1-RIP3 heterodimer itself cannot induce necroptosis, the RIP1-RIP3 heterodimeric amyloid fibril is unlikely to directly propagate necroptosis. We propose that the signaling events after the RIP1-RIP3 amyloid complex assembly are the recruitment of free RIP3 by the RIP3 in the amyloid scaffold followed by autophosphorylation of RIP3 and subsequent recruitment of MLKL by RIP3 to execute necroptosis.
Nutritional status is an important factor in predicting the risk associated with surgery for cancer patients. This is especially true in colorectal cancer. Many nutritional assessments are used in ...clinical practice, but those assessments are rarely evaluated for their ability to predict postoperative outcome.
This is a retrospective, multi-institutional study of the ACS-NSQIP database, investigating preoperative nutrition status and its association with postoperative mortality and morbidity.
The prevalence of malnutrition is higher in colorectal cancer, when compared with other most common cancers. Among 42,483 colorectal cancer patients postoperative mortality was significantly associated with hypoalbuminemia (hazard ratio = 3.064, p < 0.001), body weight loss (hazard ratio = 1.229, p = 0.033) and body mass index of <18.5 kg/m(2) (hazard ratio = 1.797, p < 0.001). Only hypoalbuminemia significantly predicted all postoperative complications, even in further multivariate logistic regression analyses (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that the hypoalbuminemia group had the highest coefficient in significant association with length of total hospital stay (B = 3.585, p < 0.001) and overall complication (B = 0.119, p < 0.001).
In colorectal cancer, malnutrition significantly contributes to postoperative mortality, morbidity and length of total hospital stay. Hypoalbuminemia, with levels below 3.5 g/dl, serves as an excellent assessment tool and preoperative predictor of postoperative outcomes.
A central challenge in developing quantum computers and long-range quantum networks is the distribution of entanglement across many individually controllable qubits
. Colour centres in diamond have ...emerged as leading solid-state 'artificial atom' qubits
because they enable on-demand remote entanglement
, coherent control of over ten ancillae qubits with minute-long coherence times
and memory-enhanced quantum communication
. A critical next step is to integrate large numbers of artificial atoms with photonic architectures to enable large-scale quantum information processing systems. So far, these efforts have been stymied by qubit inhomogeneities, low device yield and complex device requirements. Here we introduce a process for the high-yield heterogeneous integration of 'quantum microchiplets'-diamond waveguide arrays containing highly coherent colour centres-on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC). We use this process to realize a 128-channel, defect-free array of germanium-vacancy and silicon-vacancy colour centres in an aluminium nitride PIC. Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals long-term, stable and narrow average optical linewidths of 54 megahertz (146 megahertz) for germanium-vacancy (silicon-vacancy) emitters, close to the lifetime-limited linewidth of 32 megahertz (93 megahertz). We show that inhomogeneities of individual colour centre optical transitions can be compensated in situ by integrated tuning over 50 gigahertz without linewidth degradation. The ability to assemble large numbers of nearly indistinguishable and tunable artificial atoms into phase-stable PICs marks a key step towards multiplexed quantum repeaters
and general-purpose quantum processors
.
Enrichment of nutrients and metals in seawater associated with anthropogenic activities can threaten aquatic ecosystems. Consequently, nutrient and metal concentrations are parameters used to define ...water quality. The European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD) goes further than a contaminant-based approach and utilises indices to assess the Ecological Status (ES) of transitional water bodies (e.g. estuaries and lagoons). One assessment is based upon the abundance of opportunistic Ulva species, as an indication of eutrophication. The objective of this study was to characterise Ireland's Ulva blooms through the use of WFD assessment, metal concentrations and taxonomic identity. Furthermore, the study assessed whether the ecological assessment is related to the metal composition in the Ulva. WFD algal bloom assessment revealed that the largest surveyed blooms had an estimated biomass of 2164 metric tonnes (w/w). DNA sequences identified biomass from all locations as Ulva rigida, with the exception of New Quay, which was Ulva rotundata. Some blooms contained significant amounts of As, Cu, Cr, Pb and Sn. The results showed that all metal concentrations had a negative relationship (except Se) with the Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR). However, only in the case of Mn were these differences significant (p = 0.038). Overall, the metal composition and concentrations found in Ulva were site dependent, and not clearly related to the ES. Nevertheless, sites with a moderate or poor ES had a higher variability in the metals levels than in estuaries with a high ES.
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a primary risk factor for the development and ...progression of glaucoma. Rodent models of glaucoma have greatly improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of glaucoma and served as a useful tool to investigate neuroprotective agents. An ideal glaucoma animal model should be easy to induce, reproducible, biologically plausible and predictable. Of the available animal models of glaucoma, rodents are commonly studied because they have a relatively short life span and can be genetically altered. A successful hypertensive glaucoma model should induce structural glaucomatous changes: including loss of retinal nerve fibres, retinal ganglion cells and optic‐disc cupping along with IOP elevation. The level and duration of IOP elevation should be titratable depending on the targeted glaucomatous damage. This review summarizes the outcomes of induced rodent hypertensive glaucoma models including intracameral injection of microbeads, laser photocoagulation, episcleral vein cauterization, injection of hypertonic saline and hyaluronic acid. We aim to provide a detailed overview of each of the models with a focus on parameters that defines a successful glaucoma model. The induced IOP elevation and duration of elevation varied among the different models and strain of rodent; nonetheless, they all achieved a sustainable raised IOP with corresponding RGC loss. The limitations of each model are discussed.
Determining the composition of protein complexes is an essential step toward understanding the cell as an integrated system. Using coaffinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry analysis, we ...examined protein associations involving nearly 5,000 individual, FLAG-HA epitope-tagged
Drosophila proteins. Stringent analysis of these data, based on a statistical framework designed to define individual protein-protein interactions, led to the generation of a
Drosophila protein
interaction
map (DPiM) encompassing 556 protein complexes. The high quality of the DPiM and its usefulness as a paradigm for metazoan proteomes are apparent from the recovery of many known complexes, significant enrichment for shared functional attributes, and validation in human cells. The DPiM defines potential novel members for several important protein complexes and assigns functional links to 586 protein-coding genes lacking previous experimental annotation. The DPiM represents, to our knowledge, the largest metazoan protein complex map and provides a valuable resource for analysis of protein complex evolution.
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► DPiM provides a large-scale map of metazoan protein complexes ► DPiM defines 556 protein complexes and assigns novel members to several of them ► The map provides functional links and biological context to uncharacterized proteins ► DPiM defines a resource for the analysis of protein complex evolution
A comprehensive map of protein interactions in a metazoan provides functional information about uncharacterized proteins and yields insight into the evolving intricacy of protein complexes.
AimTo evaluate the association of dry eye disease (DED) with depression and anxiety.Patients and methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that reported the prevalence, ...incidence and/or severity grading of depression and/or anxiety in DED patients and healthy controls. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for relevant studies.ResultsTwenty-two eligible studies consisted of 2 980 026 patients were analyzed. DED was associated with an increased prevalence of depression (summary odds ratio (OR)=2.92, 95% CI: 2.13-4.01, P<0.00001) and anxiety (OR=2.80, 95% CI: 2.61-3.02, P<0.00001). The depression score (standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.81, 95% CI: 0.48-1.15, P<0.00001) and anxiety score (SMD=0.37, 95% CI: 0.10-0.64, P=0.007) were higher in DED patients than in controls. Subgroup analyses revealed that the prevalence and severity of depression are greatest in primary Sjogren's syndrome patients. No study reported the incidence.ConclusionDepression and anxiety are more prevalent in DED patients than in controls. Among patients with DED, those suffering from primary Sjogren's syndrome have higher prevalence and severity of depression.
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