التعليم القائم على المجتمع له تأثير على أنواع طلاب الطب الذين يتخرجون في نهاية التدريب الطبي. لكن، لم يتم تحديد تأثيره على تطوير الهوية المهنية بوضوح. تكشف هذه الدراسة أدوار برنامج التعليم القائم على ...المجتمع على تطوير الهوية المهنية.
أجريت دراسة ظاهرية نوعية على مجموعة من طلاب الطب بجامعة العلوم بماليزيا الذين انهوا برنامج دراسة حالة المجتمع والأسرة. تم جمع المعلومات من خلال مناقشات جماعية مركزة والمجلات التي تعكس رأي الطلبة. أُخذت عينات المشاركين من خلال تقنية الاختلاف القصوى للعينات الهادفة. كما تم استخدام ثلاث خطوات للتحليل المواضيعي باستخدام برنامج أطلس لتحديد الفئات والمواضيع الفرعية والموضوعات.
تم إنشاء الشخصية، والدور، والهويات الاجتماعية والبحثية التي تساهم في تطوير الهوية المهنية لطلاب الطب من خلال برنامج دراسة حالة المجتمع والأسرة. أظهرت النتائج أن برنامج دراسة حالة المجتمع والأسرة قام برعاية الهوية الشخصية من خلال مهارات التعلم، والمهارات الناعمة والقيم الشخصية. أما المتعلقة بدور الهوية فارتبطت برعاية المرضى من حيث الرعاية الأولية والوعي بين المهنيين. وأما المتعلقة بالهوية الاجتماعية فكانت السمات الواضحة هي الوعي المجتمعي ذو الصلة الثقافية والاجتماعية والسياسية. وكانت النتائج الإيجابية لبرنامج دراسة حالة المجتمع والأسرة هي رعاية مهارات البحث، المتعلقة باستخدام علم الأوبئة وطرق البحث.
تشير النتائج إلى أن برنامج دراسة حالة المجتمع والأسرة عزز تطوير الهوية المهنية بين طلاب الطب. البيانات الحالية سلطت الضوء وقدمت أفكارا على أهمية دمج التعليم القائم على المجتمع في منهج الطب لإعداد أطباء المستقبل.
Community-based education (CBE) has an impact on the types of medical students produced at the end of medical training. However, its impact on professional identity development (PID) has not been clearly understood. This study thus explores the effect of the CBE program on PID.
A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted on a group of Universiti Sains Malaysia medical students who had finished the Community and Family Case Study (CFCS) program. Data were gathered through focused group discussions and student reflective journals. Participants were sampled using the maximal variation technique of purposive sampling. Three steps of thematic analysis using the Atlasti software were employed to identify categories, subthemes, and themes.
Personal, role, social, and research identities were generated that contribute to the PID of medical students through the CFCS program. The results indicate that the CFCS program nurtured personal identity through the development of professional skills, soft skills, and personal values. Pertaining to role identity, this is related to patient care in terms of primary care and interprofessional awareness. Pertaining to social identity, the obvious feature was community awareness related to culture, society, and politics. A positive outcome of the CFCS program was found to be its fostering of research skills, which is related to the use of epidemiology and research methods.
The findings indicate that the CFCS program promotes PID among medical students. The current data highlight and provide insights into the importance of integrating CBE into medical curricula to prepare future doctors for their entry into the profession.
Synthetic dyes are chemical substances that widely used to impart colors in many materials. Without appropriate treatment, these chemicals easily to contaminate water body, create environmental ...problem and generate acute effects to human health. Although many physical, chemical and biological methods have been introduced however, these pretreatment techniques were always expensive, extremely energy-consuming, less environmentally efficient and produce toxic precipitate. Alternatively, absorption technique using modified waste material is currently used to solve this problem due to its characteristics such as efficient, cheap and easy. Therefore, this research adsorbent made of modified waste polystyrene incorporated with C-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylcalix4-2-methyl resorcinarene (PS-C) was prepared. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–VIS). The adsorbent adsorption behavior was evaluated against simulated organic dye, methylene blue (MB) solution. The incorporation of calixarene into waste polystyrene structure has increased the dye absorbency. The adsorption of 6 samples of MB with different concentrations onto PS-C fits the second-order kinetic model with a regression value,
R
2
of 0.9998. The equilibrium adsorption data of MB onto PS-C were interpreted using Langmuir and Freundlich models. It is better represented by the latter equation. The PS-C absorbent shows an excellent percentage of dye adsorption up to 75%. This study proved that the PS-C has a great potential to be used as an effective adsorbent for wastewater treatment.
Highlights
• The synthetic dyes are highly toxic and the effects are detrimental where it can affect both environment and aquatic biota.
• Usually, dye compounds are adsorbed on the surface of an adsorbent in different ways.
• Modified polymers’ adsorbents attaining much attention due to their special attributes.
• Synergism between ion selective ligands with any polymer proposes many applications.
Eutrophication and water pollution caused by a high concentration of phosphate are two concerning issues that affect water quality worldwide. A novel cellulose-based adsorbent, cellulose ...acetate/graphene oxide/sodium dodecyl sulphate (CA/GO/SDS), was developed for water treatment. A 13% CA solution in a mixture of acetone:dimethylacetamide (2:1) has been electrospun and complexed with a GO/SDS solution. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) showed that the CA membrane was pure white, while the CA/GO/SDS membrane was not as white as CA and its colour became darker as the GO content increased. The process of phosphate removal from the solutions was found to be aided by the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the CA modified with GO/SDS, as shown by infrared spectroscopy. An optimization condition for the adsorption process was studied by varying pH, immersion time, and the mass of the membrane. The experimental results from phosphate adsorption showed that CA/GO/SDS had an excellent pH adaptability, with an optimum pH of 7, and maximum removal (>87.0%) was observed with a membrane mass of 0.05 g at an initial concentration of 25 mg L−1. A kinetic study revealed that 180 min of contact time could adsorb about 87.2% of phosphate onto the CA/GO/SDS membrane. A typical pseudo-second-order kinetic model successfully portrayed the kinetic sorption of phosphate, and the adsorption equilibrium data were well-correlated with the Langmuir adsorption model, suggesting the monolayer coverage of adsorbed molecules.
Due to increasing demand of natural antioxidants for pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic applications, extraction of polyphenols from natural resources has received enormous attention. In this regard, ...microalgae biomass exhibits great potential for target bioactive compounds accumulation. Conventionally, petroleum-derived volatile organic solvents (VOCs) and water have been used to recover polyphenols from biomass; however, VOCs are hazardous, nonenvironmentally friendly solvents while water suffers from coextraction of other impurities. Therefore, the goal of this work is to evaluate renewable deep eutectic solvents (DES) as alternative to conventional solvents for recovering polyphenols from microalgal biomass. In particular, Chlorella vulgaris was subjected to solvent extraction using 12 DES systems composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and polyols including glycerol (Gly), ethylene glycol (EG), 1,3-propanediol (PDO) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and two benchmark conventional solvents, namely ethyl acetate and water. Initially, the extraction efficiency was assessed based on total phenolic content (TPC) via Folin–Ciocalteu method, as the most favorable operating conditions were determined (i.e., temperature of 60 °C, extraction time of 100 min and 20:1 solvent to biomass ratio). Afterward, solvent extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activity via DPPH free radical scavenging method and their polyphenolic profiles were characterized via chromatographic analysis, with major phenolic compounds being gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Furthermore, biomass surface characterization was performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to further understand the effect of the solvents during the extraction process. Overall results support that polyol-based DES outperformed conventional solvents in terms of polyphenolic extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity of the extracts and selectivity of target antioxidants from Chlorella vulgaris, setting the grounds for developing more sustainable extraction processes for recovering natural antioxidants from microalgae biomass.
The widespread use of disposable face masks as a preventative strategy to address transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been a key environmental concern since the pandemic began. This has led to ...an unprecedented new form of contamination from improperly disposed masks, which liberates significant amounts of heavy metals and toxic chemicals in addition to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Therefore, this study monitored the liberation of heavy metals, VOCs, and microfibers from submerged disposable face masks at different pH (4, 7 and 12), to simulate distinct environmental conditions. Lead (3.238% ppb), cadmium (0.672 ppb) and chromium (0.786 ppb) were found in the analyzed leachates. By pyrolysis, 2,4-dimethylhept-1-ene and 4-methylheptane were identified as the VOCs produced by the samples. The chemically degraded morphology in the FESEM images provided further evidence that toxic heavy metals and volatile organic compounds had been leached from the submerged face masks, with greater degradation observed in samples submerged at pH 7 and higher. The results are seen to communicate the comparable danger of passively degrading disposable face masks and the release of micro- or nanofibers into the marine environment. The toxicity of certain heavy metals and chemicals released from discarded face masks warrants better, more robust manufacturing protocols and increased public awareness for responsible disposal to reduce the adverse impact on ecology and human health.
Abstract
Motivated by prior remote observations of a transition from striated solar coronal structures to more isotropic “flocculated” fluctuations, we propose that the dynamics of the inner solar ...wind just outside the Alfvén critical zone, and in the vicinity of the first
surface, is powered by the relative velocities of adjacent coronal magnetic flux tubes. We suggest that large-amplitude flow contrasts are magnetically constrained at lower altitude but shear-driven dynamics are triggered as such constraints are released above the Alfvén critical zone, as suggested by global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations that include self-consistent turbulence transport. We argue that this dynamical evolution accounts for features observed by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) near initial perihelia, including magnetic “switchbacks,” and large transverse velocities that are partially corotational and saturate near the local Alfvén speed. Large-scale magnetic increments are more longitudinal than latitudinal, a state unlikely to originate in or below the lower corona. We attribute this to preferentially longitudinal velocity shear from varying degrees of corotation. Supporting evidence includes comparison with a high Mach number three-dimensional compressible MHD simulation of nonlinear shear-driven turbulence, reproducing several observed diagnostics, including characteristic distributions of fluctuations that are qualitatively similar to PSP observations near the first perihelion. The concurrence of evidence from remote sensing observations, in situ measurements, and both global and local simulations supports the idea that the dynamics just above the Alfvén critical zone boost low-frequency plasma turbulence to the level routinely observed throughout the explored solar system.
Greener alternatives to synthetic polymers are constantly being investigated and sought after. Chitin is a natural polysaccharide that gives structural support to crustacean shells, insect ...exoskeletons, and fungal cell walls. Like cellulose, chitin resides in nanosized structural elements that can be isolated as nanofibers and nanocrystals by various top-down approaches, targeted at disintegrating the native construct. Chitin has, however, been largely overshadowed by cellulose when discussing the materials aspects of the nanosized components. This Perspective presents a thorough overview of chitin-related materials research with an analytical focus on nanocomposites and nanopapers. The red line running through the text emphasizes the use of fungal chitin that represents several advantages over the more popular crustacean sources, particularly in terms of nanofiber isolation from the native matrix. In addition, many β-glucans are preserved in chitin upon its isolation from the fungal matrix, enabling new horizons for various engineering solutions.
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The field of green technology is evolving rapidly to address new industrial challenges, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a potential alternative to traditional ...organic compounds and ionic liquids. Among their main classes, magnetic DESs (MagDESs) have gained significant attention due to their unique magnetic properties resulting from the presence of magnetic ions in the solvent. The unique magnetic properties of MagDESs, combined with their stability and compatibility, make them suitable for various applications, including magnetic separation and purification. The ease of separation of MagDESs from their respective mixtures via the application of an external magnetic field distinguishes them as a desirable solution, enabling quick extraction and easy collection without centrifugation. Moreover, DESs can serve to endow magnetic materials with new functionalities for a wide range of applications. Utilizing DESs enables the functionalization of magnetic materials without the use of volatile organic solvents or extended processing periods. MagDESs are expected to be used in the extraction of various compounds, but there are some limitations that must be considered, such as compatibility issues, recovery difficulty, and also long-term stability and sustainability of MagDESs in different environments and applications. Further research and development are necessary to fully understand and optimize the benefits and limitations of MagDESs.
There has been a growing emphasis on developing extraction methods that are not only efficient but also environmentally friendly and sustainable. One promising avenue is the exploration of deep ...eutectic solvents (DESs) as neoteric extraction media. This study aims to investigate the potential of DESs as neoteric extraction media for phenolics-rich flower clove extracts. Two DESs were synthesised by mixing choline chloride with glycerol and lactic acid at a molar ratio of 1:2. The thermal profiles of the mixture were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry, and the viscosity and density were measured at different temperatures. The phenolic compounds were quantitatively characterised for all of the extractants using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined. The results showed that DESs significantly improved the extraction of antioxidant compounds from clove, especially for the case of phenolic compounds, and also considerably enhanced the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The use of DESs offers a green, efficient method for extracting value-added products from natural sources.
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