A wide-beam antenna and a planar phased array with wide-angle scanning performance based on image theory are proposed. To solve the wide-angle scanning problem, a summative evaluation of basic types ...of carrier-based antennas is given and the antenna types available for wide-angle scanning arrays or end-fire arrays are pointed out. Afterward, a wide-angle scanning array with an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) ground is proposed. The main beam direction of the array can scan from -89° to 90° in the H-plane with a gain fluctuation less than 3 dB and the scanning 3-dB beamwidth can cover a range from -105° to 105°. An excellent wide-angle scanning performance from the broadside direction to the end-fire direction can be obtained by the proposed method, which can be used to guide the design of wide-angle scanning arrays.
Coalescence-induced self-propelled jumping of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces has potential applications for condensation heat transfer enhancement, anti-icing, self-cleaning, antidew, and so ...forth. However, most of the previous studies focused on two identical droplets which are not commonly encountered in the nature. In this work, coalescence-induced jumping phenomena of two unequal-sized droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces were investigated theoretically and numerically. First, by introducing modified inertial-capillary velocity (u ic *) and Ohnesorge number (Oh*) with consideration of radius ratio (r*) of two coalescing droplets, we proposed a generalized inertial-capillary scaling law for the jumping velocity of coalesced droplets, which is expected to be applicable for both two identical droplets and two unequal-sized droplets coalescing on superhydrophobic surfaces. Subsequently, we employed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the coalescence-induced jumping process of two unequal-sized nanodroplets. Our simulations showed that the dimensionless jumping velocity (v j/u ic *) well follows the generalized inertial-capillary scaling law with v j/u ic * ≈ 0.127 in a specific Oh* range; however, it rapidly reduces and finally vanishes when the radius ratio of large droplet to small droplet is larger than a certain threshold value. Our simulations also revealed that nonjumping of two unequal-sized droplets with a very large radius ratio is due to that the larger droplet swallows the small one, so that the liquid bridge has no chance to impact the solid surface, and hence the “liquid bridge impacting substrate” mechanism fails in this circumstance.
This article studies uniform stabilization and social optimality for linear quadratic (LQ) mean field control problems with multiplicative noise, where agents are coupled via dynamics and individual ...costs. The state and control weights in cost functionals are not limited to be positive semidefinite. This leads to an indefinite LQ mean field control problem, which may still be well-posed due to deep nature of multiplicative noise. We first obtain a set of forward-backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs) from variational analysis, and construct a feedback control by decoupling the FBSDEs. By virtue of solutions to two Riccati equations, we design a set of decentralized control laws, which is further shown to be asymptotically social optimal. Some equivalent conditions are given for uniform stabilization of the systems with the help of linear matrix inequalities. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control laws.
Many protein‐coding oncofetal genes are highly expressed in murine and human fetal liver and silenced in adult liver. The protein products of these hepatic oncofetal genes have been used as clinical ...markers for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and as therapeutic targets for HCC. Herein we examined the expression profiles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) found in fetal and adult liver in mice. Many fetal hepatic lncRNAs were identified; one of these, lncRNA‐mPvt1, is an oncofetal RNA that was found to promote cell proliferation, cell cycling, and the expression of stem cell‐like properties of murine cells. Interestingly, we found that human lncRNA‐hPVT1 was up‐regulated in HCC tissues and that patients with higher lncRNA‐hPVT1 expression had a poor clinical prognosis. The protumorigenic effects of lncRNA‐hPVT1 on cell proliferation, cell cycling, and stem cell‐like properties of HCC cells were confirmed both in vitro and in vivo by gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function experiments. Moreover, mRNA expression profile data showed that lncRNA‐hPVT1 up‐regulated a series of cell cycle genes in SMMC‐7721 cells. By RNA pulldown and mass spectrum experiments, we identified NOP2 as an RNA‐binding protein that binds to lncRNA‐hPVT1. We confirmed that lncRNA‐hPVT1 up‐regulated NOP2 by enhancing the stability of NOP2 proteins and that lncRNA‐hPVT1 function depends on the presence of NOP2. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the expression of many lncRNAs is up‐regulated in early liver development and that the fetal liver can be used to search for new diagnostic markers for HCC. LncRNA‐hPVT1 promotes cell proliferation, cell cycling, and the acquisition of stem cell‐like properties in HCC cells by stabilizing NOP2 protein. Regulation of the lncRNA‐hPVT1/NOP2 pathway may have beneficial effects on the treatment of HCC. (Hepatology 2014;60:1278–1290)
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•The N-doped TiO2 microspheres and Si/N-TiO2 nanocrystals were synthesized through the one-step hydrolysis method.•The cross-linking state between nanocrystals increases the oxygen ...vacancy concentration and provides more transport channels.•The positively charged nanocrystals had a repulsive effect on the cationic pollutants.•Removal efficiency of 1.0 g L−1 Cr(VI) in 120 min was as high as 53%.
This paper focuses on a novel one-step co-hydrolysis synthesis strategy of silicon modified N-doped titanium dioxide nanocrystals and its application in the visible light photocatalysis of chromium at g L−1 level in wastewater. Titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato)dihydroxide (TALH) has been adopted firstly as both Ti and N sources for synthesis of N-doped TiO2 microspheres (N-TiO2). Si modified N-TiO2 was fabricated by adding γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) before hydrolysis of TALH. The adsorption and co-hydrolysis of silane molecules significantly inhibit the growth of N-TiO2 crystals, and further promote appropriate cross-linking of particles through silanol (hydrolysate) intermolecular force or potential Si-O-Si bond by the polycondensation reaction to form nano-sized Si/N-TiO2. Interestingly, the introduction of silicon turns the negative charge surface of N-TiO2 into positive charge one through the Si-O-N-Ti/Si-N-O-Ti bond, and improves the adsorption of Cr(VI). Systematic characterization and photocatalytic test documented that abundant adsorption pores, large amount of oxygen vacancies and transport channels jointly accelerate the reduction of Cr(VI) on Si/N-TiO2 nanocrystals surface. Up to 98.7% (30 min for 0.2 g L−1) and 53.2% (120 min for 1.0 g L−1) removal efficiency, importantly, confirmed that the Si/N-TiO2 nanocrystals was competitive for the treatment of highly Cr(VI) containing wastewater.
The isothermal oxidation of 8 wt% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) thermal barrier coating (TBC) and growth behavior of thermal growth oxide (TGO) have been investigated. The average thicknesses of oxide ...scale and internal oxidation zone of the substrate with coating are significantly smaller compared with the bare substrate. The TGO layer evolves from a black single-layer to a double-layer structure. The lower black layer is composed of α-Al2O3, and the upper gray layer consists of mixed oxides of (Ni,Co)O, (Co,Ni)Cr2O4 and (Ni,Co)Al2O4 at 1000 °C by TEM analysis. The formation of the solid solution oxides is probably related to the intense diffusion at high temperature. The growth stresses of α-Al2O3, NiCr2O4, NiO and CoO are calculated to be 30.88, 62.99, 34.52 and 35.85 GPa, respectively, indicating that mixed oxides, especially the spinel phase, are very detrimental to the stability of the TBC. The growth kinetics of TGO layer and the oxidation mechanism of YSZ TBC are illustrated.
•TBCs reduce the thicknesses of oxide scale and internal oxidation zone of substrate.•Oxides of TGO layer at 1000 °C are mainly α-Al2O3, (Ni,Co)O, (Co,Ni)Cr2O4 and (Ni,Co)Al2O4.•The growth stresses of α-Al2O3, NiCr2O4, NiO and CoO have been evaluated.•The growth kinetics of TGO layer and the interface oxidation mechanism of YSZ TBC are analyzed.
Purpose
MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) was reported as being overexpressed in various human cancerous tissues, but its expression in cancerous serum was not unanimous in different laboratories. On the base of ...optimizing experimental design and improving trial protocol, we wanted to know whether the circulating microRNA-21 was dysregulated in the common solid cancers.
Methods
Using SYBR green real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we detected the expression of circulating miR-21 in 174 patients with solid cancers and 39 normal control subjects, including breast cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer. Furthermore, we analyzed the associations between miR-21 expression and clinical features of patients.
Results
miR-21 was significantly overexpressed in human solid cancerous serum relative to normal control (
P
< 0.001), and its sensitivity and specificity were significantly higher than the currently used tumor markers. High miR-21 expression was not correlated with gender, age, clinical stage, and lymph node metastasis status.
Conclusion
Circulating miR-21 could serve as a potential broad-spectrum serum-based biomarker for the detection of some solid cancers.
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown their great success on image classification. CNNs mainly consist of convolutional and pooling layers, both of which are performed on local image ...areas without considering the dependence among different image regions. However, such dependence is very important for generating explicit image representation. In contrast, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are well known for their ability of encoding contextual information in sequential data, and they only require a limited number of network parameters. Thus, we proposed the hierarchical RNNs (HRNNs) to encode the contextual dependence in image representation. In HRNNs, each RNN layer focuses on modeling spatial dependence among image regions from the same scale but different locations. While the cross RNN scale connections target on modeling scale dependencies among regions from the same location but different scales. Specifically, we propose two RNN models: 1) hierarchical simple recurrent network (HSRN), which is fast and has low computational cost and 2) hierarchical long-short term memory recurrent network, which performs better than HSRN with the price of higher computational cost. In this paper, we integrate CNNs with HRNNs, and develop end-to-end convolutional hierarchical RNNs (C-HRNNs) for image classification. C-HRNNs not only utilize the discriminative representation power of CNNs, but also utilize the contextual dependence learning ability of our HRNNs. On four of the most challenging object/scene image classification benchmarks, our C-HRNNs achieve the state-of-the-art results on Places 205, SUN 397, and MIT indoor, and the competitive results on ILSVRC 2012.
This article considers the differentially private consensus problem of discrete-time second-order multiagent systems with partially measurable states and limited communication channel capacity, where ...only the integer-value information of agents can be transmitted. To reduce the potential risk of state information disclosure in digital communication, a differentially private consensus algorithm via dynamic encoding-decoding is proposed for the second-order multiagent system to make agents achieve mean-square consensus by transmitting quantized integer values with privacy protection. To deal with the uncertainty of the quantizer saturation, the statistical analysis is given for the boundedness of the input of quantizers. It is shown that the expectation of the minimum memory capacity of quantizers is 2 bits. Finally, some simulation results are given to visualize our conclusions.
Determining a good initial structure in the inverse design of electromagnetic devices based on topology optimization method is an important problem that has been relatively little studied. In this ...letter, a method for constructing the initial structure of a multi-frequency nanophotonic device by combining time reversal theory and principal component analysis is proposed, and the inverse design of two-dimensional 1×2 and 1×3 wavelength demultiplexers is taken as examples. The results show that the iterative optimization converges to a better figure of merit after using the proposed method, compared to classical and single-frequency initial structures. The proposed method also shows good adaptability when the design target changes.
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