Dynamic reserves evaluation is crucial for the development and assessment of gas reservoirs. However, ultra-deep fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs pose unique challenges due to their ...abnormally high pressure, tight matrix, and complex fracture distribution. This paper proposes a simplified forward calculation method that incorporates the fracture length for the rapid estimation of dynamic reserves in fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs. This method was based on the pressure change rate equation and considered the unique characteristics of fractured gas reservoirs. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the sensitivity of the proposed method. The proposed method was applied to estimate the dynamic reserves of a fractured gas reservoir, and the results closely approximate the well group method, indicating its accuracy. The main advantage of this method lies in its simplicity, allowing field engineers to perform rapid dynamic reserve evaluations.
Flocculation or restacking of different kinds of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets into heterostructure nanocomposites is of interest for the development of high-performance electrode materials and ...catalysts. However, lacking a molecular-scale control on the layer sequence hinders enhancement of electrochemical activity. Herein, we conducted electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, employing oxide nanosheets (e.g., MnO2, RuO2.1, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) and layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets (e.g., NiFe-based LDH) to explore a series of mono- and bilayer films with various combinations of nanosheets and sequences toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The highest OER activity was attained in bilayer films of electrically conductive RuO2.1 nanosheets underlying catalytically active NiFe LDH nanosheets with mixed octahedral/tetrahedral coordination (NiFe LDHTd/Oh). At an overpotential of 300 mV, the RuO2.1/NiFe LDHTd/Oh film exhibited an electrochemical surface area (ECSA) normalized current density of 2.51 mA cm–2 ECSA and a mass activity of 3610 A g–1, which was, respectively, 2 and 5 times higher than that of flocculated RuO2.1/NiFe LDHTd/Oh aggregates with a random appearance of a surface layer. First-principles density functional theory calculations and COMSOL Multiphysics simulations further revealed that the improved catalytic performance was ascribed to a substantial electronic coupling effect in the heterostructure, in which electrons are transferred from exposed NiFe LDHTd/Oh nanosheets to underneath RuO2.1. The study provides insight into the rational control and manipulation of redox-active surface layers and conductive underlying layers in heteroassembled nanosheet films at molecular-scale precision for efficient electrocatalysis.
Background and Aims
Cancer is typically considered as a genetic and epigenetic disease. Although numerous studies have indicated that an aberrant structure, function, or expression level of ...epigenetic enzymes contribute to many tumor types, precisely how the epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown.
Approach and Results
In this study, we found that the WD repeat domain 5 protein (WDR5)—a core subunit of histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase complexes, which catalyze the generation of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) modification—is highly expressed in HBV‐related HCC and promotes HCC development. WDR5 plays a critical role in HBV‐driven cell proliferation and tumor growth in mice, and the WDR5‐0103 small‐molecule inhibitor of WDR5 activity compromises HBV‐ and hepatitis B x protein (HBx)‐driven tumor proliferation. The aberrantly high WDR5 protein level was found to involve HBx through its stabilization of the WDR5 protein by inhibiting the interaction between the damage‐specific DNA‐binding protein 1/cullin‐4 and WDR5, causing decreased ubiquitination of the WDR5 protein. HBx was found to colocalize with WDR5 on chromatin genome wide and promotes genome‐wide H3K4me3 modification by means of WDR5. Furthermore, the recruitment of HBx to promoters of target genes relied on its interaction with WDR5 through its α‐helix domain. WDR5 was also found to promote HBV transcription through H3K4 modification of covalently closed circular DNA minichromosome, and WDR5‐0103 was able to inhibit HBV transcription. Finally, the in vitro and in vivo data further proved that HBx exerted its tumor‐promoting function in a WDR5‐dependent manner.
Conclusions
Our data reveals that WDR5 is a key epigenetic determinant of HBV‐induced tumorigenesis and that the HBx‐WDR5‐H3K4me3 axis may be a potential therapeutic target in HBV‐induced liver pathogenesis.
Zeolites have been widely applied as versatile catalysts, sorbents, and ion exchangers with unique porous structures showing molecular sieving capability. In these years, it is reported that some ...layered zeolites can be delaminated into molecularly thin 2‐dimensional (2D) nanosheets characterized by inherent porous structures and highly exposed active sites. In the present study, two types of zeolite nanosheets with distinct porous structures with MWW topology (denoted mww) and ferrierite‐related structure (denoted bifer) are deposited on a substrate through the solution process via electrostatic self‐assembly. Alternate deposition of zeolite nanosheets with polycation under optimized conditions allows the layer‐by‐layer growth of their multilayer films with a stacking distance of 2–3 nm. Furthermore, various hierarchical structures defined at the unit‐cell dimensions can be constructed simply by conducting the deposition of mww and bifer nanosheets in a designed sequence. Adsorption of a dye, Rhodamine B, in these films, is examined to show that adsorption is dependent on constituent zeolite nanosheets and their assembled nanostructures. This work has provided fundamental advancements in the fabrication of artificial zeolite‐related hierarchical structures, which may be extended to other zeolite nanosheets, broadening their functionalities, applications, and benefits.
Two types of 2D zeolite nanosheets are assembled layer‐by‐layer through sequential adsorption procedure with polycation as a linker. Unit‐cell‐level design into multilayer and superlattice structures is demonstrated to provide a new route to artificial zeolites. It is found that the adsorption performance of a typical dye can be controlled by the film architecture.
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a signature cytokine of Th17 cells. We previously reported that deletion of NF-κB activator 1 (Act1), the key transducer of IL-17 receptor signaling, from the ...neuroectodermal lineage in mice (neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) results in attenuated severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here we examined the cellular basis of this observation. EAE disease course was unaffected by deletion of Act1 in neurons or mature oligodendrocytes, and Act1 deletion in astrocytes only modestly affected disease course. Deletion of Act1 in NG2(+) glia resulted in markedly reduced EAE severity. Furthermore, IL-17 induced characteristic inflammatory mediator expression in NG2(+) glial cells. IL-17 also exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the maturation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in vitro and reduced their survival. These data identify NG2(+) glia as the major CNS cellular target of IL-17 in EAE. The sensitivity of oligodendrocyte lineage cells to IL-17-mediated toxicity further suggests a direct link between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis.
The advent of graphene opens up the research into two-dimensional (2D) materials, which are considered revolutionary materials. Due to its unique geometric structure, graphene exhibits a series of ...exotic physical and chemical properties. In addition, single-element-based 2D materials (Xenes) have garnered tremendous interest. At present, 16 kinds of Xenes (silicene, borophene, germanene, phosphorene, tellurene, etc.) have been explored, mainly distributed in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth main groups. The current methods to prepare monolayers or few-layer 2D materials include epitaxy growth, mechanical exfoliation, and liquid phase exfoliation. Although two Xenes (aluminene and indiene) have not been synthesized due to the limitations of synthetic methods and the stability of Xenes, other Xenes have been successfully created via elaborate artificial design and synthesis. Focusing on elemental 2D materials, this review mainly summarizes the recently reported work about tuning the electronic, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties of Xenes via surface modifications, achieved using controllable approaches (doping, adsorption, strain, intercalation, phase transition, etc.) to broaden their applications in various fields, including spintronics, electronics, optoelectronics, superconducting, photovoltaics, sensors, catalysis, and biomedicines. These advances in the surface modification of Xenes have laid a theoretical and experimental foundation for the development of 2D materials and their practical applications in diverse fields.
Phase correlation is one of the widely used image registration method in medical image processing and remote sensing. One of the main limitations of the phase correlation-based registration method is ...that it can only cope with Euclidean transformations, such as translation, rotation and scale, which constrain its application in wider fields, such as multi-view image matching, image-based navigation, etc. In this paper, we extended the phase correlation to perspective transformation by the combination of particle swarm optimization. Inspired by optic lens alignment based on interference, we propose to use the quality of PC fringes as the similarity, and then the aim of registration is to search for the optimized geometric transformation operator, which obtain the maximize value of PC-based similarity function through particle swarm optimization approach. The proposed method is validated by image registration experiments using simulated terrain shading, texture and natural landscape images containing different challenges, including illumination variation, lack of texture, motion blur, occlusion and geometric distortions. Further, image-based navigation experiments are carried out to demonstrate that the proposed method is able to correctly recover the trajectory of camera using multimodal target and reference image. Even under great radiometric and geometric distortions, the proposed method is able to achieve 0.1 sub-pixel matching accuracy on average while other methods fail to find the correspondence.
NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical spatiotemporal role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This study reports a mechanistic insight into noncanonical NLRP3 ...inflammasome activation in microglia for the effector stage of EAE. Microglia-specific deficiency of ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase-activation and recruitment CARD domain) attenuated T cell expansion and neutrophil recruitment during EAE pathogenesis. Mechanistically, TLR stimulation led to IRAKM-caspase-8-ASC complex formation, resulting in the activation of caspase-8 and IL-1β release in microglia. Noncanonical inflammasome-derived IL-1β produced by microglia in the CNS helped to expand the microglia population in an autocrine manner and amplified the production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Furthermore, active caspase-8 was markedly increased in the microglia in the brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis. Taken together, our study suggests that microglia-derived IL-1β via noncanonical caspase-8-dependent inflammasome is necessary for microglia to exert their pathogenic role during CNS inflammation.
The equal time interval sampling in the existing landslide monitoring system cannot detect the abnormal change of landslides in real time. This study proposes a novel landslide monitoring method ...based on the long range (LoRa) network and intelligent sensing Internet of Things (IoT) to address these drawbacks. The overall structure, hardware circuit, and software design of intelligent sensing monitoring technology are described comprehensively. The designed adaptive data collection strategy can effectively capture abnormal changes in the landslide monitoring parameters, which provides a better alternative monitoring scheme for the real-time data collection of disaster body status. Furthermore, it can ensure data accuracy for the research of intelligent large-scale landslide disaster monitoring and prediction. The field test demonstrates that the proposed system presents the technical characteristics of low power consumption, self-organizing network, stable and reliable communication, and long transmission distance, which is effective for mountain landslide monitoring in harsh environments.
Tissue-specific stem cells are maintained by both local secreted signals and cell adhesion molecules that position the stem cells in the niche microenvironment. In the Drosophila midgut, multipotent ...intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are located basally along a thin layer of basement membrane that composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), which separates ISCs from the surrounding visceral musculature: the muscle cells constitute a regulatory niche for ISCs by producing multiple secreted signals that directly regulate ISC maintenance and proliferation. Here we show that integrin-mediated cell adhesion, which connects the ECM and intracellular cytoskeleton, is required for ISC anchorage to the basement membrane. Specifically, the α-integrin subunits including αPS1 encoded by mew and αPS3 encoded by scb, and the β-integrin subunit encoded by mys are richly expressed in ISCs and are required for the maintenance, rather than their survival or multiple lineage differentiation. Furthermore, ISC maintenance also requires the intercellular and intracellular integrin signaling components including Talin, Integrin-linked kinase (Ilk), and the ligand, Laminin A. Notably, integrin mutant ISCs are also less proliferative, and genetic interaction studies suggest that proper integrin signaling is a pre-requisite for ISC proliferation in response to various proliferative signals and for the initiation of intestinal hyperplasia after loss of adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc). Our studies suggest that integrin not only functions to anchor ISCs to the basement membrane, but also serves as an essential element for ISC proliferation during normal homeostasis and in response to oncogenic mutations.
► The function of Integrin signaling in fly intestinal stem cells was investigated. ► αPS1 (mew),αPS3(scb) and βPS (mys) are expressed in ISCs for maintenance. ► Integrin signaling is required for ISC proliferation but not survival. ► Disruption of integrin triggers cell cycle arrest and prevents tumorigenesis.
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