Hyperventilation is commonly used in neurological patients to decrease elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) or relax a tense brain. However, the potentially deleterious effects of hyperventilation ...may limit its clinical application. The aim of this review is to summarize the physiological and outcome evidence related to hyperventilation in neurological patients.
Physiologically, hyperventilation may adversely decrease cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the match between the cerebral metabolic rate and CBF. In patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), prolonged prophylactic hyperventilation with arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) less than 25 mmHg or during the first 24 h after injury is not recommended. Most patients (>90%) with an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergo hyperventilation (PaCO2 <35 mmHg); however, whether hyperventilation is associated with poor outcomes in this patient population is controversial. Hyperventilation is effective for brain relaxation during craniotomy; however, this practice is not based on robust outcome evidence.
Although hyperventilation is commonly applied in patients with TBI or intracranial hemorrhage or in those undergoing craniotomy, its effects on patient outcomes have not been proven by quality research. Hyperventilation should be used as a temporary measure when treating elevated ICP or to relax a tense brain. Outcome research is needed to better guide the clinical use of hyperventilation in neurological patients.
Graphyne sheet exhibits promising potential for nanoscale desalination to achieve both high water permeability and salt rejection rate. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations on pore-size effects ...suggest that γ-graphyne-4, with 4 acetylene bonds between two adjacent phenyl rings, has the best performance with 100% salt rejection and an unprecedented water permeability, to our knowledge, of ~13 L/cm(2)/day/MPa, 3 orders of magnitude higher than prevailing commercial membranes based on reverse osmosis, and ~10 times higher than the state-of-the-art nanoporous graphene. Strikingly, water permeability across graphyne exhibits unexpected nonlinear dependence on the pore size. This counter-intuitive behavior is attributed to the quantized nature of water flow at the nanoscale, which has wide implications in controlling nanoscale water transport and designing highly effective membranes.
Recent progress in passive radiative cooling technologies has substantially improved cooling performance under direct sunlight. Yet, experimental demonstrations of daytime radiative cooling still ...severely underperform in comparison with the theoretical potential due to considerable solar absorption and poor thermal insulation at the emitter. In this work, we developed polyethylene aerogel (PEA)-a solar-reflecting (92.2% solar weighted reflectance at 6 mm thick), infrared-transparent (79.9% transmittance between 8 and 13 μm at 6 mm thick), and low-thermal-conductivity (
= 28 mW/mK) material that can be integrated with existing emitters to address these challenges. Using an experimental setup that includes the custom-fabricated PEA, we demonstrate a daytime ambient temperature cooling power of 96 W/m
and passive cooling up to 13°C below ambient temperature around solar noon. This work could greatly improve the performance of existing passive radiative coolers for air conditioning and portable refrigeration applications.
Abstract
Background
The arm circumference is a feasible and reliable indicator in evaluating the nutritional status of children. However, its application in general adults has yet to be thoroughly ...investigated.
Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the association between mid-upper arm circumferences (MUACs) and mortality in general adults.
Methods
The nationally representative cohort from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999—2018) was analyzed with mortality information obtained through linkage to the National Death Index. The baseline MUACs were collected as exposure. Survey-weighted Cox proportional hazard regressions were performed to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) of mortality risk for individuals with different MUACs. Restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to examine the nonlinear association of MUAC with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Results
A total of 52,159 participants were included in this study. During a median follow-up time of 117 months, 7157 deaths were documented, with leading causes of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and respiratory disease. Individuals in the first quartile (Q1) of MUAC tended to have higher all-cause mortality risk than the rest after full adjustment. Similarly, CVD mortality risk in Q1 was higher than that in the second quartile (Q2) and the third quartile (Q3); respiratory mortality risk in Q1 was higher than in Q2. MUAC was non-linearly associated with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. Individuals in Q1 MUAC (≤ 29.3) tended to have higher all-cause mortality risk, with HRs (95% CIs) estimated to be 0.76 (0.67–0.87) for Q2 (29.4, 32.5), 0.69 (0.59–0.81) for Q3 (32.6, 36.0), and 0.59 (0.46–0.75) for Q4 (≥ 36.1) after adjustment of demographic, lifestyle, and comorbidity covariates. Similarly, compared with Q1, HRs (95% CIs) for CVD mortality were estimated to be 0.73 (0.58–0.93) for Q2 and 0.57 (0.43–0.47) for Q3; HRs (95% CIs) for respiratory mortality was estimated to be 0.57 (95% CI, 0.37–0.87) for Q2 with other differences not significant.
Conclusion
The MUAC was inversely associated with long-term mortality in general adults in the United States and may serve as a valuable measurement in adult health evaluations.
Mitochondria are highly mobile and dynamic organelles that continually fuse and divide. These processes allow mitochondria to exchange contents, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Here we examine ...the functions of mitochondrial fusion in differentiated skeletal muscle through conditional deletion of the mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2, mitochondrial GTPases essential for fusion. Loss of the mitofusins causes severe mitochondrial dysfunction, compensatory mitochondrial proliferation, and muscle atrophy. Mutant mice have severe mtDNA depletion in muscle that precedes physiological abnormalities. Moreover, the mitochondrial genomes of the mutant muscle rapidly accumulate point mutations and deletions. In a related experiment, we find that disruption of mitochondrial fusion strongly increases mitochondrial dysfunction and lethality in a mouse model with high levels of mtDNA mutations. With its dual function in safeguarding mtDNA integrity and preserving mtDNA function in the face of mutations, mitochondrial fusion is likely to be a protective factor in human disorders associated with mtDNA mutations.
Display omitted
Display omitted
► Mice lacking mitochondrial fusion in skeletal muscle exhibit mitochondrial myopathy ► Fusion is essential for maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels ► Loss of mitochondrial fusion results in increased mtDNA mutations ► Fusion protects mitochondrial respiration in cells with high loads of mutated mtDNA
SAP30 is a core subunit of the transcriptional corepressor SIN3 complex, but little is known about its role in gene regulation and human cancer. Here, we show that SAP30 was a nonmutational ...oncoprotein upregulated in more than 50% of human breast tumors and correlated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with breast cancer. In various breast cancer mouse models, we found that SAP30 promoted tumor growth and metastasis through its interaction with SIN3A/3B. Surprisingly, the canonical gene silencing role was not essential for SAP30's tumor-promoting actions. SAP30 enhanced chromatin accessibility and RNA polymerase II occupancy at promoters in breast cancer cells, acting as a coactivator for genes involved in cell motility, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis, thereby driving tumor progression. Notably, SAP30 formed a homodimer with 1 subunit binding to SIN3A and another subunit recruiting MLL1 through specific Phe186/200 residues within its transactivation domain. MLL1 was required for SAP30-mediated transcriptional coactivation and breast tumor progression. Collectively, our findings reveal that SAP30 represents a transcriptional dependency in breast cancer.
In this paper, a dual-ligand design strategy is demonstrated to modulate the performance of the electronically conductive metalorganic frameworks (EC-MOFs) thin film with a spray layer-by-layer ...assembly method. The thin film not only can be precisely prepared in nanometer scale (20–70 nm), but also shows the pin-hole-free smooth surface. The high quality nano-film of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene (HITP) doped Cu-HHTP enables the precise modulation of the chemiresistive sensitivity and selectivity. Selectivity improvement over 220% were realized for benzene vs. NH
3
, as well as enhanced response and recovery properties. In addition, the selectivity of the EC-MOF thin film sensors toward other gases (e.g. triethylamine, methane, ethylbenzene, hydrogen, butanone, and acetone) vs. NH
3
at room temperature is also discussed.
► Mg–8.2Gd–3.8Y–1Zn–0.4Zr alloy was severely hot rolled with total 96% reduction and aged. ► The sheet exhibits ultra-high strength of 517MPa with elongation to failure of 4.5%. ► Dense nano β′ phase ...play a key role in the age hardening of the sheet. ► The deformed grains with a strong basal texture and LPSO phase strengthen the alloy. ► The recrystallized grains with weak texture improve ductility.
Ultra high-strength Mg–8.2Gd–3.8Y–1.0Zn–0.4Zr alloy sheet was prepared by large-strain hot rolling and subsequent ageing process. The sheet exhibits excellent tensile properties at ambient temperature with ultimate tensile strength of 517MPa, 0.2% proof stress of 426MPa and elongation to failure of 4.5%. The notable improvement in strength is attributed to the dense distribution of the fine precipitates inside the grains, scattered precipitates at the grain boundaries, bimodal grain size distribution with fine recrystallized grains and large deformed grains with intense basal texture.
PDF
