More than 20 monoclonal antibodies have been approved as therapeutic drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration, and it is quite likely that the number of approved antibodies will double in the ...next 7–10 years. Antibody drugs show several desirable characteristics, including good solubility and stability, long persistence in the body, high selectivity and specificity, and low risk for bioconversion to toxic metabolites. However, many antibody drugs demonstrate attributes that complicate drug development, including very poor oral bioavailability, incomplete absorption following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, nonlinear distribution, and nonlinear elimination. In addition, antibody administration often leads to an endogenous antibody response, which may alter the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the therapeutic antibody. Antibodies have been developed for a wide range of disease conditions, with effects produced through a complex array of mechanisms. This article attempts to provide a brief overview of the main determinants of antibody pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2008); 84, 5, 548–558 doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.170
Image segmentation is a prerequisite for image processing. There are many methods for image segmentation, and as a result, a great number of methods for evaluating segmentation results have also been ...proposed. How to effectively evaluate the quality of image segmentation is very important. In this paper, the existing image segmentation quality evaluation methods are summarized, mainly including unsupervised methods and supervised methods. Based on hot issues, the application of metrics in natural, medical and remote sensing image evaluation is further outlined. In addition, an experimental comparison for some methods were carried out and the effectiveness of these methods was ranked. At the same time, the effectiveness of classical metrics for remote sensing and medical image evaluation is also verified.
Engineering the band gap chemically by organic molecules is a powerful tool with which to optimize the properties of inorganic 2D materials. The obtained materials are however still limited by ...inhomogeneous compositions and properties at nanoscale and small adjustable band gap ranges. To overcome these problems in the traditional exfoliation and then organic modification strategy, an organic modification and then exfoliation strategy was explored in this work for preparing 2D organic metal chalcogenides (OMCs). Unlike the reported organically modified 2D materials, the inorganic layers of OMCs are fully covered by long-range ordered organic functional groups. By changing the electron-donating ability of the organic functional groups and the electronegativity of the metals, the band gaps of OMCs were varied by 0.83 eV and their conductivities were modulated by 9 orders of magnitude, which are 2 and 10
times higher than the highest values observed in the reported chemical methods, respectively.
A strategy for combining metal oxides and metal–organic frameworks is proposed to design new materials for sensing volatile organic compounds, for the first time. The prepared ZnO@ZIF‐CoZn ...core–sheath nanowire arrays show greatly enhanced performance not only on its selectivity but also on its response, recovery behavior, and working temperature.
Selected from random pools of DNA or RNA molecules through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), aptamers can bind to target molecules with high affinity and specificity, ...which makes them ideal recognition elements in the development of biosensors. To date, aptamer-based biosensors have used a wide variety of detection techniques, which are briefly summarized in this article. The focus of this review is on the development of aptamer-based fluorescent biosensors, with emphasis on their design as well as properties such as sensitivity and specificity. These biosensors can be broadly divided into two categories: those using fluorescently-labeled aptamers and others that employ label-free aptamers. Within each category, they can be further divided into "signal-on" and "signal-off" sensors. A number of these aptamer-based fluorescent biosensors have shown promising results in biological samples such as urine and serum, suggesting their potential applications in biomedical research and disease diagnostics.
Broad absorption, long-lived photogenerated carriers, high conductance, and high stability are all required for a light absorber toward its real application on solar cells. Inorganic–organic hybrid ...lead-halide materials have shown tremendous potential for applications in solar cells. This work offers a new design strategy to improve the absorption range, conductance, photoconductance, and stability of these materials. We synthesized a new photochromic lead-chloride semiconductor by incorporating a photoactive viologen zwitterion into a lead-chloride system in the coordinating mode. This semiconductor has a novel inorganic–organic hybrid structure, where 1-D semiconducting inorganic lead-chloride nanoribbons covalently bond to 1-D semiconducting organic π-aggregates. It shows high stability against light, heat, and moisture. After photoinduced electron transfer (PIET), it yields a long-lived charge-separated state with a broad absorption band covering the 200–900 nm region while increasing its conductance and photoconductance. This work is the first to modify the photoconductance of semiconductors by PIET. The observed increasing times of conductivity reached 3 orders of magnitude, which represents a record for photoswitchable semiconductors. The increasing photocurrent comes mainly from the semiconducting organic π-aggregates, which indicates a chance to improve the photocurrent by modifying the organic component. These findings contribute to the exploration of light absorbers for solar cells.
Pore size plays a critical role in determining the performance of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) in catalysis, sensing, and gas storage or separation. However, revealing the pore‐size/property ...relationship remains extremely challenging because ideal structure models possessing different pore sizes but having the same components are lacking. In this work, a solvent‐coordination directed structure swelling method was developed for modulating the ratio between the large and narrow pore phases of a flexible MOF, MIL‐88B. Pore‐size‐dependent gas sensitivity and selectivity were studied for the first time in the MIL‐88B samples. The optimized MIL‐88B‐20 % sample showed one of the best sensing performances among all the reported MOF‐based H2S‐sensing materials. This work not only provides a method to synthesize ideal structure models for revealing the relationship between pore‐size and properties, but also may inspire the development of high‐performance gas sensing materials.
The solvent‐coordination directed structure swelling method was used to modulate the pore size of MIL‐88B, which enables to reveal the pore‐size‐dependent gas sensitivity and selectivity of MOF materials for the first time.
High‐quality MOF thin films with high orientation and controlled thickness are extremely desired for applications. However, they have been only successfully fabricated on flat substrates. Those MOF ...2D thin films are limited by low exposed area and slow mass transport. To overcome these issues, MOF 3D thin films with good crystallinity, preferred orientation, and precisely controllable thickness in nanoscale were successfully prepared in a controllable layer‐by‐layer manner on nanowire array substrate for the first time. The as‐prepared Cu‐HHTP 3D thin film is superior to corresponding 2D thin films and showed one of the highest sensitivity, lowest LOD, and fastest response among all reported chemiresistive NH3 sensing materials at RT. This work provides a feasible approach to grow preferred‐oriented 3D MOF thin film, offering new perspectives for constructing MOF‐based heterostructures for advanced applications.
Semiconducting MOF 3D thin films with good crystallinity, preferred orientation, as well as precisely controllable thickness in nanoscale were successfully prepared in a layer‐by‐layer manner on a nanowire array substrate. Compared to 2D thin films, the Cu‐HHTP 3D thin film shows one of the highest sensitivity, lowest LOD and fastest response speed among all reported chemiresistive NH3 sensing materials at RT.
Solar interfacial water evaporation shows great potential to address the global freshwater scarcity. Water evaporation being inherently energy intensive, Joule‐heating assisted solar evaporation for ...addressing insufficient vapor under natural conditions is an ideal strategy. However, the simultaneous optimization of low evaporation enthalpy, high photothermal conversion, and excellent Joule‐heating steam generation within a single material remain a rare achievement. Herein, inspired by the biological channel structures, a large‐area film with hierarchical macro/microporous structures is elaborately designed by stacking the nanosheet of a conductive metal–organic framework (MOF), Ni3(HITP)2, on a paper substrate. By combining the above three features in one material, the water evaporation enthalpy reduces from 2455 J g−1 to 1676 J g−1, and the photothermal conversion efficiency increases from 13.75% to 96.25%. Benefiting from the synergistic photothermal and Joule‐heating effects, the evaporation rate achieves 2.60 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun plus input electrical power of 4 W, surpassing the thermodynamic limit and marking the highest reported value in MOF‐based evaporators. Moreover, Ni3(HITP)2‐paper exhibits excellent long‐term stability in simulated seawater, where no salt crystallization and evaporation rate degradation are observed. This design strategy for nanosheet films with hierarchical macro/microporous channels provides inspiration for electronics, biological devices, and energy applications.
A large area conductive MOFs nanosheet film with hierarchical macro/microporous structures is fabricated for interfacial seawater evaporation, which effectively reduces the water evaporation enthalpy, enhances the photothermal conversion efficiency, and refreshes the evaporation rate records for MOF‐based evaporators.
This brief studies the stability of switched systems in which all the subsystems may be unstable. In addition, some of the switching behaviors of the systems are destabilizing. By using the piecewise ...Lyapunov function method and taking a tradeoff between the increasing scale and the decreasing scale of the Lyapunov function at switching times, the maximum dwell time for admissible switching signals is obtained and the extended stability results for switched systems in a nonlinear setting are first derived. Then, based on the discretized Lyapunov function method, the switching stabilization problem for linear context is solved. By contrasting with the contributions available in the literature, we do not require that all the switching behaviors of the switching system under consideration are stabilizing. More specifically, even if all the subsystems governing the continuous dynamics are not stable and some of the switching behaviors are destabilizing, the stability of the switched system can still be retained. A numerical example is given to illustrate the validity of the proposed results.
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