•This study reports COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in real-world settings.•COVID-19 VE for fully and partially vaccinated individuals.•COVID-19 VE for healthcare workers, the elderly, and ...adults.•The effectiveness of different COVID-19 vaccine brands.
To estimate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine effectiveness (VE) against concerned outcomes in real-world settings.
Studies reporting COVID-19 VE from August 6, 2020 to October 6, 2021 were included. The summary VE (with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)) against disease related to COVID-19 was estimated. The results were presented in forest plots. Predefined subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed.
A total of 51 records were included in this meta-analysis. In fully vaccinated populations, the VE against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, COVID-19-related hospitalization, admission to the intensive care unit, and death was 89.1% (95% CI 85.6–92.6%), 97.2% (95% CI 96.1–98.3%), 97.4% (95% CI 96.0–98.8%), and 99.0% (95% CI 98.5–99.6%), respectively. The VE against infection in the general population aged ≥16 years, the elderly, and healthcare workers was 86.1% (95% CI 77.8–94.4%), 83.8% (95% CI 77.1–90.6%), and 95.3% (95% CI 92.0–98.6%), respectively. For those fully vaccinated against infection, the observed effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was 91.2% and of the Moderna vaccine was 98.1%, while the effectiveness of the CoronaVac vaccine was found to be 65.7%.
The COVID-19 vaccines are highly protective against SARS-CoV-2-related diseases in real-world settings.
As part of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) field campaign, raindrop size distribution (DSD) measurements were conducted with a laser optical particle size ...velocity disdrometer in Motuo on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The DSD characteristics of five different rain rate classes and convective and stratiform precipitation types were studied using the DSD data from July to September 2019, comprising a total of 47,774 1-min raindrop spectra. The average raindrop spectral width and number concentration of large drops increased with the rainfall intensity. Furthermore, the combination of small- and midsize drops dominated the precipitation in Motuo, and their contributions exceeded 99% of the number concentration. The convective precipitation in Motuo was identified as maritime-like precipitation and was characterized by a large normalized intercept parameter log10Nw = 4.0–4.4 and small mass-weighted mean diameter Dm = 1.1–1.4 mm. Empirical relations among the three parameters (intercept N0, shape μ, and slope Λ) of the gamma distribution model, Nw and Dm of the normalized gamma distribution were derived. We also obtained power-law relationships of Z = ARb for the stratiform and convective precipitation in Motuo, and the empirical relation of Z = 300R1.4 significantly underestimated the convective precipitation in Motuo. When the precipitation type transitioned from stratiform into convective precipitation, coefficient A decreased and exponent b increased. Finally, empirical relations between Dm and the radar equivalent reflectivity factor at the Ku and Ka bands were obtained to improve the rainfall retrieval algorithms of the dual-frequency precipitation radar on the southeast TP.
•As part of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) field campaign, raindrop size distribution (DSD) measurements were conducted with a laser optical particle size velocity disdrometer in Motuo on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). DSD characteristics in main entrance to the water vapor channel of the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon was studied for the first time.•The combination of small- and midsize drops dominated the precipitation in Motuo, and their contributions exceeded 99% of the number concentration. The convective precipitation in Motuo was identified as maritime-like precipitation and was characterized by a large normalized intercept parameter log10Nw = 4.0–4.4 and small mass-weighted mean diameter Dm = 1.1–1.4 mm.
Mêdog and Nagqu are two typical regions of the Tibetan Plateau with different geographical locations and climate regimes. These differences may lead to discrepancies in the raindrop size ...distributions (DSDs) and precipitation microphysical processes between the two regions. This paper investigates discrepancies in the DSDs using disdrometer data obtained during the rainy season in Mêdog and Nagqu. The DSD characteristics are studied under five different rainfall rate categories and two precipitation types (stratiform and convective). For the total datasets, the number concentrations of drops with diameters
D
> 0.6 (
D
< 0.6) mm are higher (lower) in Nagqu than in Mêdog. The fitted normalized gamma distributions of the averaged DSDs for the five rainfall rate categories show that Nagqu has a larger (lower) mass-weighted mean diameter
D
m
(normalized intercept parameter, lg
N
w
) than does Mêdog. The difference in
D
m
between Nagqu and Mêdog increases with the rainfall rate. Convective clusters in Nagqu could be identified as continental-like, while convective precipitation in Mêdog could be classified as maritime-like. The relationships between the shape factor
μ
and slope parameter
Λ
of the gamma distribution model, the radar reflectivity
Z
, and the rainfall rate
R
are also derived. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanism for the notable DSD variation between the two regions during the rainy season is illustrated using reanalysis data and automated weather station observations. Cold rain processes are mainly responsible for the lower concentrations of larger drops observed in Nagqu, whereas warm rain prevails in Mêdog, producing abundant small drops.
Mêdog is located at the entrance of the water vapor channel in the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon (YGC). This area has the largest annual accumulated rainfall totals and precipitation frequency on the ...Tibetan Plateau (TP). This paper investigates the seasonal variation in raindrop size distribution (DSD) characteristics in Mêdog based on disdrometer observations from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020. The DSD characteristics are examined under six rain rate classes and two rainfall types (stratiform and convective) in the winter, premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon periods. The highest (lowest) concentration of small raindrops is observed in monsoon (winter) precipitation, whereas large raindrops predominate in premonsoon precipitation. For stratiform rainfall, the mean mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) exhibits overlooked differences in the four periods, while the mean normalized intercept parameter (Nw) is significantly higher in the monsoon period than in the other three periods. The convective rainfall in the monsoon and postmonsoon periods is characterized by a high concentration of limited-size drops and can be classified as maritime-like. This is probably attributed to abundant warm and humid airflow transported by the Indian Ocean monsoon into Mêdog. The westerly winds prevail over the TP during the premonsoon period, and thereby the premonsoon convective rainfall in Mêdog has a larger mean Dm and a lower mean Nw. In addition, the relationships of radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R for different precipitation types in different periods are also derived. A better understanding of the seasonal variation in the microphysical characteristics of precipitation in Mêdog is important for improving the microphysical parameterization scheme and the precipitation forecast of models on the TP.
This study aimed to explore the reporting of workplace violence against nurses and the reasons why they did not reported.
A self-designed questionnaire regarding workplace violence and reporting was ...used to conduct a cross-sectional survey on nurses who submitted a manuscript to a Chinese nursing journal from 2016 to 2017. A total of 324 nurses agreed to participate in this study and 266 participants from 165 hospitals in 72 cities returned questionnaires.
A total of 172 nurses (64.7%) experienced violent incidents during the past year. Of these incidents, 45.5% were reported; and the reporting rate of physical assaults (69.0%) was higher than those of verbal abuse (36.9%), threatening behavior (51.7%), and sexual harassment (60.0%). Formal reporting accounted for 25.4% (15.4% in written form and 10.0% through a computer-assisted reporting system). Almost half of the nurses (49.6%) stated that the hospital had no reporting system or they were uncertain about the reporting system. For reasons of not reporting, 51.9% of the nurses were unware of how and what types of violence to report, and 50.6% of the nurses believed that the hospital paid greater attention to patients rather than staff.
A clear definition of workplace violence and reporting procedures, establishment of a facile system for reporting, and supervisory support following a reporting are urgently required.
Knowing vaccine effectiveness (VE) against variants of concern (VOCs) in the real-world setting is essential for public health decision-making. A systematic landscape of the VE against a series of ...clinical outcomes caused by the VOCs in the real-world setting is needed. We systematically searched for studies that evaluated VE against VOCs in the real-world setting and collected individual data. We identified 113 studies meeting the eligibility criteria. We found full vaccination provided strong protection against each clinical outcome with summary VE ranging from 86.8% to 96.0% Alpha, moderate protection against infection caused by Beta, Gamma and Delta with summary VE ranging from 70.9% to 72.8%, strong protection against severe disease caused by Delta with summary VE ranging from 84.9% to 90.3%, limited protection with summary VE of 23.5% (95% CI, 17.0-29.5) against infection and moderate protection with summary VE ranging from 56.5% to 82.4% against severe diseases caused by Omicron. Booster vaccination can provide a substantial improvement in protection against Delta and Omicron, but not as much as the Delta. The meta-regression analysis showed that the VE against the Omicron wanned over time, and the VE against hospitalization declined relatively slowly, compared to against infection. Those findings supported the need for public health measures, increasing booster vaccination coverage in response to current and new infectious waves driven by variants and developing broadly protective vaccines to confront virus evolution.
Artificial neural network (ANN) is the main tool to dig data and was inspired by the human brain and nervous system. Several studies clarified its application in medicine. However, none has applied ...ANN to predict the efficacy of folic acid treatment to Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). The efficacy has been proved to associate with both genetic and environmental factors while previous studies just focused on the latter one. The explained variance genetic risk score (EV-GRS) had better power and could represent the effect of genetic architectures. Our aim was to add EV-GRS into environmental factors to establish ANN to predict the efficacy of folic acid therapy to HHcy. We performed the prospective cohort research enrolling 638 HHcy patients. The multilayer perception algorithm was applied to construct ANN. To evaluate the effect of ANN, we also established logistic regression (LR) model to compare with ANN. According to our results, EV-GRS was statistically associated with the efficacy no matter analyzed as a continuous variable (OR = 3.301, 95%CI 1.954-5.576, P < 0.001) or category variable (OR = 3.870, 95%CI 2.092-7.159, P < 0.001). In our ANN model, the accuracy was 84.78%, the Youden's index was 0.7073 and the AUC was 0.938. These indexes above indicated higher power. When compared with LR, the AUC, accuracy, and Youden's index of the ANN model (84.78%, 0.938, 0.7073) were all slightly higher than the LR model (83.33% 0.910, 0.6687). Therefore, clinical application of the ANN model may be able to better predict the folic acid efficacy to HHcy than the traditional LR model. When testing two models in the validation set, we got the same conclusion. This study appears to be the first one to establish the ANN model which added EV-GRS into environmental factors to predict the efficacy of folic acid to HHcy. This model would be able to offer clinicians a new method to make decisions and individual therapeutic plans.
The recent novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) outbreak created a severe public health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, the SARS-CoV-2 variant is still spreading at an unprecedented ...speed in many countries and regions. There is still a lack of effective treatment for moderate and severe COVID-19 patients, due to a lack of understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Lysosomes, which act as "garbage disposals" for nearly all types of eukaryotic cells, were shown in numerous studies to support SARS-CoV-2 replication. Lysosome-associated pathways are required for virus entry and exit during replication. In this review, we summarize experimental evidence demonstrating a correlation between lysosomal function and SARS-CoV-2 replication, and the development of lysosomal perturbation drugs as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.
Mêdog and Nagqu are two typical climate regions of the Tibetan Plateau, with different atmospheric conditions and local orography. This may lead to different diurnal variation patterns of clouds and ...precipitation. This paper investigates the diurnal variations of clouds and precipitation in Mêdog and Nagqu, using ground-based measurements from Ka-band cloud radar and a Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer. High frequencies of cloud cover and precipitation occur from 23:00 local solar time (LST) to 05:00 LST in Mêdog, while low frequencies appear from 11:00 LST to 17:00 LST. The occurrence frequencies in Nagqu maintain high values from 13:00 LST to 21:00 LST. In terms of mean rain rate, heavier rainfall appears in the evening and at night in Mêdog, with peaks at 00:00 LST and 18:00 LST, respectively. In Nagqu, the heaviest rainfall occurs at 12:00 LST. In addition, the afternoon convective rainfall in Nagqu is characterized by a much higher concentration of large drops, which can be classified as continental-like. The morning rainfall has the lowest concentration of large drops and can be classified as maritime-like. Finally, the mechanisms of diurnal variations in the two regions are discussed. The diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation in Mêdog may be associated with the nocturnal convergence of moisture flux and mountain–valley wind circulation. Diurnal variations in Nagqu have a high correlation with the diurnal cycle of solar radiation. The high nocturnal frequency of clouds and precipitation in the two regions at night is closely related to the convergence of moisture flux.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of
dietary supplementation on the growth, antioxidant, immune response, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function of broilers under high ...stocking density (HSD) stress. A total of 324 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to three treatments with six replicates, each replicate including 18 chickens (18 birds/m
). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. The three treatments were basal diet (control, CON), basal diet supplemented with 1 × 10
colony forming units (cfu)/kg
(CB), and basal diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg virginiamycin (antibiotic, ANT). The results showed that the body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of broilers in the CB group were significantly higher than those in the CON group in three periods (
< 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum of the CB group were significantly increased compared with those in the CON and ANT groups at 42 days (
< 0.05). At 42 days, the serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of the CB group were significantly higher than those of the CON group. Compared with the CON group, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the CB group was significantly decreased in the starter and grower stages (
< 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups (
> 0.05).
significantly decreased the high stocking density-induced expression levels of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ileum of broilers at different stages. Additionally,
could increase the expressions of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in intestinal tissue. Moreover,
significantly increased the Sobs and Shannon indices in the CB group compared with the ANT group (
< 0.05), while the Ace index in the CB group was significantly higher than that of the CON group (
< 0.05). Furthermore, by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the proportion of
in the CB group was increased compared to those in the CON and ANT groups at the genus level. In conclusion,
supplemented into feed could improve the growth performance and feed utilization of broilers by promoting immune and intestinal barrier function and benefiting the cecal microflora.
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