In this paper, Faster R-CNN was used to detect wildland forest fire smoke to avoid the complex manually feature extraction process in traditional video smoke detection methods. Synthetic smoke images ...are produced by inserting real smoke or simulative smoke into forest background to solve the lack of training data. The models trained by the two kinds of synthetic images respectively are tested in dataset consisting of real fire smoke images. The results show that simulative smoke is the better choice and the model is insensitive to thin smoke. It may be possible to further boost the performance by improving the synthetic process of forest fire smoke images or extending this solution to video sequences.
The covariant chiral kinetic equation (CCKE) is derived from the four-dimensional Wigner function by an improved perturbative method under the static equilibrium conditions. The chiral kinetic ...equation in three dimensions can be obtained by integration over the time component of the four-momentum. There is freedom to add more terms to the CCKE allowed by conservation laws. In the derivation of the three-dimensional equation, there is also freedom to choose coefficients of some terms in dx0/dτ and dx/dτ τ is a parameter along the worldline, and (x0,x) denotes the time-space position of a particle whose three-momentum integrals are vanishing. So the three-dimensional chiral kinetic equation derived from the CCKE is not uniquely determined in the current approach. The key assumption of our approach is the perturbation in powers of space-time derivative and constant electromagnetic field strength tensor under the static equilibrium conditions. To go beyond the current approach and overcome these problems one needs a new way of building up the three-dimensional chiral kinetic equation from the CCKE or directly from covariant Wigner equations.
Aims/Introduction
Some previous studies reported no significant association of consuming fruit or vegetables, or fruit and vegetables combined, with type 2 diabetes. Others reported that only a ...greater intake of green leafy vegetables reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes. To further investigate the relationship between them, we carried out a meta‐analysis to estimate the independent effects of the intake of fruit, vegetables and fiber on the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Materials and Methods
Searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE for reports of prospective cohort studies published from 1 January 1966 to 21 July 2014 were carried out, checking reference lists, hand‐searching journals and contacting experts.
Results
The primary analysis included a total of 23 (11 + 12) articles. The pooled maximum‐adjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes for the highest intake vs the lowest intake were 0.91 (95% confidence interval CI 0.87–0.96) for total fruits, 0.75 (95% CI 0.66–0.84) for blueberries, 0.87 (95% CI 0.81–0.93) for green leafy vegetables, 0.72 (95% CI 0.57–0.90) for yellow vegetables, 0.82 (95% CI 0.67–0.99) for cruciferous vegetables and 0.93 (95% CI 0.88–0.99) for fruit fiber in these high‐quality studies in which scores were seven or greater, and 0.87 (95% CI 0.80–0.94) for vegetable fiber in studies with a follow‐up period of 10 years or more.
Conclusions
A higher intake of fruit, especially berries, and green leafy vegetables, yellow vegetables, cruciferous vegetables or their fiber is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
Our results showed that a higher intake of fruit especially berries and green leafy vegetables, or yellow vegetables, or cruciferous vegetables, or their fiber, is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
Gold does not react with H2 to form bulk hydrides. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a gold nanohydride protected by diphosphine ligands, Au22H4(dppo)62+ ...dppo=1,8‐bis(diphenylphosphino)octane. The Au22 core consists of two Au11 units bonded by eight Au atoms not coordinated by the diphosphine ligands. The four H atoms are found to bridge the eight uncoordinated Au atoms at the interface. Each Au11 unit can be viewed as a tetravalent superatom forming four delocalized Au‐H‐Au bonds, similar to the quadruple bond first discovered in the Re2Cl82− inorganic cluster. The Au22H4(dppo)62+ nanohydride is found to lose H atoms over an extended time via H evolution (H2), proton (H+) and hydride (H−) releases. This complete repertoire of H‐related transformations suggests that the Au22H4(dppo)62+ nanohydride is a versatile model catalyst for understanding the mechanisms of chemical reactions involving hydrogen on the surface of gold nanoparticles.
The hitherto largest gold nanohydride cluster, Au22H4(dppo)62+, was synthesized and its structural, bonding, and chemical properties were elucidated. A wide range of hydrogen loss pathways were observed, providing critical information about hydrogen‐related chemical transformations catalyzed by gold nanoparticles.
A power expansion scheme is set up to determine the Wigner function that satisfies the quantum kinetic equation for spin-1/2 charged fermions in a background electromagnetic field. Vector and ...axial-vector current induced by magnetic field and vorticity are obtained simultaneously from the Wigner function. The chiral magnetic and vortical effect and chiral anomaly are shown as natural consequences of the quantum kinetic equation. The axial-vector current induced by vorticity is argued to lead to a local polarization effect along the vorticity direction in heavy-ion collisions.
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is an effective therapeutic to regulate the expression of target genes in vitro and in vivo. Constructing a siRNA delivery system with high serum stability, especially ...responsive to endogenous stimuli, remains technically challenging. Herein we develop anti-degradation Y-shaped backbone-rigidified triangular DNA bricks with sticky ends (sticky-YTDBs) and tile them onto a siRNA-packaged gold nanoparticle in a programmed fashion, forming a multi-functional three-dimensional (3D) DNA shell. After aptamers are arranged on the exterior surface, a biocompatible siRNA-encapsulated core/shell nanoparticle, siRNA/Ap-CS, is achieved. SiRNAs are internally encapsulated in a 3D DNA shell and are thus protected from enzymatic degradation by the outermost layer of YTDB. The siRNAs can be released by endogenous miRNA and execute gene silencing within tumor cells, causing cell apoptosis higher than Lipo3000/siRNA formulation. In vivo treatment shows that tumor growth is completely (100%) inhibited, demonstrating unique opportunities for next-generation anticancer-drug carriers for targeted cancer therapies.
Uromodulin, also named Tamm Horsfall protein, have been associated with renal function and sodium homeostasis regulation. The authors sought to examine the effects of salt intake on plasma and ...urinary uromodulin levels and the association of its genetic variants with salt sensitivity in Chinese adults. Eighty patients from our natural population cohort were maintained sequentially either on a usual diet for 3 days, a low‐salt diet (3.0 g) for 7 days, and a high‐salt diet (18.0 g) for an additional 7 days. In addition, the authors studied 514 patients of the Baoji Salt‐Sensitive Study, recruited from 124 families who received the same salt intake intervention, and investigated the association of genetic variations in uromodulin gene with salt sensitivity. Plasma uromodulin levels were significantly lower on a high‐salt diet than on a baseline diet (28.3 ± 4.5 vs. 54.9 ± 8.8 ng/ml). Daily urinary excretions of uromodulin were significantly decreased on a high‐salt diet than on a low‐salt diet (28.7 ± 6.7 vs. 157.2 ± 21.7 ng/ml). SNPs rs7193058 and rs4997081 were associated with the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to the high‐salt diet. In addition, several SNPs in the uromodulin gene were significantly associated with pulse pressure (PP) response to the low‐salt intervention. This study shows that dietary salt intake affects plasma and urinary uromodulin levels and that uromodulin may play a role in the pathophysiological process of salt sensitivity in the Chinese populations.
During cancer therapy, phagocytic clearance of dead cells plays a vital role in immune homeostasis. The nonapoptotic form of cell death, ferroptosis, exhibits extraordinary potential in tumor ...treatment. However, the phagocytosis mechanism that regulates the engulfment of ferroptotic cells remains unclear. Here, we establish a novel pathway for phagocytic clearance of ferroptotic cells that is different from canonical mechanisms by using diverse ferroptosis models evoked by GPX4 dysfunction/deficiency. We identified the oxidized phospholipid, 1-steaoryl-2-15-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (SAPE-OOH), as a key eat-me signal on the ferroptotic cell surface. Enriching the plasma membrane with SAPE-OOH increased the efficiency of phagocytosis of ferroptotic cells by macrophage, a process that was suppressed by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A
. Ligand fishing, lipid blotting, and cellular thermal shift assay screened and identified TLR2 as a membrane receptor that directly recognized SAPE-OOH, which was further confirmed by TLR2 inhibitors and gene silencing studies. A mouse mammary tumor model of ferroptosis verified SAPE-OOH and TLR2 as critical players in the clearance of ferroptotic cells in vivo. Taken together, this work demonstrates that SAPE-OOH on ferroptotic cell surface acts as an eat-me signal and navigates phagocytosis by targeting TLR2 on macrophages.
With tens of thousands of plant species on earth, we are endowed with an enormous wealth of medicinal remedies from Mother Nature. Natural products and their derivatives represent more than 50% of ...all the drugs in modern therapeutics. Because of the low success rate and huge capital investment need, the research and development of conventional drugs are very costly and difficult. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on drug discovery from herbal medicines or botanical sources, an important group of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy. With a long history of herbal usage for the clinical management of a variety of diseases in indigenous cultures, the success rate of developing a new drug from herbal medicinal preparations should, in theory, be higher than that from chemical synthesis. While the endeavor for drug discovery from herbal medicines is “experience driven,” the search for a therapeutically useful synthetic drug, like “looking for a needle in a haystack,” is a daunting task. In this paper, we first illustrated various approaches of drug discovery from herbal medicines. Typical examples of successful drug discovery from botanical sources were given. In addition, problems in drug discovery from herbal medicines were described and possible solutions were proposed. The prospect of drug discovery from herbal medicines in the postgenomic era was made with the provision of future directions in this area of drug development.
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