A connected graph
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is called
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-embeddable, if it can be isometrically embedded into the
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-space. The shifted quadrilateral cylinder graph
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,
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is a class of quadrilateral tilings on a ...cylinder obtained by rolling the grid graph
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via shifting
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positions. In this article, we determine that all the
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are not
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-embeddable except for
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and
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Deciphering the interneuronal circuitry is central to understanding brain functions, yet it remains a challenging task in neurobiology. Using simultaneous quadruple-octuple in vitro and dual in vivo ...whole-cell recordings, we found two previously unknown interneuronal circuits that link cortical layer 1-3 (L1-3) interneurons and L5 pyramidal neurons in the rat neocortex. L1 single-bouquet cells (SBCs) preferentially formed unidirectional inhibitory connections on L2/3 interneurons that inhibited the entire dendritic-somato-axonal axis of ∼1% of L5 pyramidal neurons located in the same column. In contrast, L1 elongated neurogliaform cells (ENGCs) frequently formed mutual inhibitory and electric connections with L2/3 interneurons, and these L1-3 interneurons inhibited the distal apical dendrite of >60% of L5 pyramidal neurons across multiple columns. Functionally, SBC→L2/3 interneuron→L5 pyramidal neuronal circuits disinhibited and ENGC↔L2/3 interneuron→L5 pyramidal neuronal circuits inhibited the initiation of dendritic complex spikes in L5 pyramidal neurons. As dendritic complex spikes can serve coincidence detection, these cortical interneuronal circuits may be essential for salience selection.
Electric load forecasting is an important task in the daily operations of a power utility associated with energy transfer scheduling, unit commitment and load dispatch. Inspired by the various ...non-linearity of electric load data and the strong learning capacity of support vector regression (SVR) for small sample and balanced data, this paper presents an adaptive fuzzy combination model based on the self-organizing map (SOM), the SVR and the fuzzy inference method. The adaptive fuzzy combination model can effectively count for electric load forecasting with good accuracy and interpretability at the same time. The key idea behind the combination is to build a human-understandable knowledge base by constructing a fuzzy membership function for each homogeneous sub-population. The comparison of different mathematical models and the effectiveness of the presented model are shown by the real data of New South Wales electricity market. The obtained results confirm the validity of the developed model.
► We present an adaptive fuzzy combination model for electric load forecasting. ► The proposed model considers both forecast accuracy and result interpretability. ► The proposed model can tolerate more redundant information compared with SVR model. ► It takes significantly less CPU running time to train the proposed model. ► The obtained results confirm the validity of the developed model.
Multiple patch-clamp recordings and morphological reconstruction are powerful approaches for neuronal microcircuitry dissection and cell type classification but are challenging due to the ...sophisticated expertise needed. Here, we present a protocol for applying these techniques to neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) of mice. We detail steps to prepare brain slices containing MEC and perform simultaneous multiple whole-cell recordings, followed by procedures of histological staining and neuronal reconstruction. We then describe how we analyze morphological and electrophysiological features.
For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Shi et al.1
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•Detailed surgical procedures for obtaining horizontal brain slices containing the MEC•Simultaneous octuple patch-clamp recordings from superficial MEC neurons•Morphological reconstructions of DAB-stained neurons•Concise instructions for analyzing electrophysiological and morphological data
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
Multiple patch-clamp recordings and morphological reconstruction are powerful approaches for neuronal microcircuitry dissection and cell type classification but are challenging due to the sophisticated expertise needed. Here, we present a protocol for applying these techniques to neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) of mice. We detail steps to prepare brain slices containing MEC and perform simultaneous multiple whole-cell recordings, followed by procedures of histological staining and neuronal reconstruction. We then describe how we analyze morphological and electrophysiological features.
(1) Background: Injury repair is a complex physiological process in which multiple cells and molecules are involved. Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, is essential for ...angiogenesis during wound healing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the dynamic changes and functions of TNC throughout tissue regeneration and to present an up-to-date synthesis of the body of knowledge pointing to multiple mechanisms of TNC at different restoration stages. (2) Methods: A review of the PubMed database was performed to include all studies describing the pathological processes of damage restoration and the role, structure, expression, and function of TNC in post-injury treatment; (3) Results: In this review, we first introduced the construction and expression signature of TNC. Then, the role of TNC during the process of damage restoration was introduced. We highlight the temporal heterogeneity of TNC levels at different restoration stages. Furthermore, we are surprised to find that post-injury angiogenesis is dynamically consistent with changes in TNC. Finally, we discuss the strategies for TNC in post-injury treatment. (4) Conclusions: The dynamic expression of TNC has a significant impact on angiogenesis and healing wounds and counters many negative aspects of poorly healing wounds, such as excessive inflammation, ischemia, scarring, and wound infection.
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor that mainly occurs in adolescents. It is accompanied by a high rate of lung metastasis, and high mortality. Recent studies have suggested the important ...roles of tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) family proteins in regulating various substrates and signaling pathways in different tumors. However, the detailed functional role of TRIM family proteins in the progression of OS is still unknown and requires further investigations. In this study, we found that tripartite motif-containing 22 (TRIM22) was downregulated in OS tissues and was hence associated with better prognosis. In vitro and in vivo functional analysis demonstrated that TRIM22 inhibits proliferation and metastasis of OS cells. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a redox regulator, was identified as a novel target for TRIM22. TRIM22 interacts with and accelerates the degradation of NRF2 by inducing its ubiquitination dependent on its E3 ligase activity but independent of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). Further, a series of gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that knockdown or overexpression of NRF2 reversed the functions of knockdown or overexpression of TRIM22 in OS. Mechanistically, TRIM22 inhibited OS progression through NRF2-mediated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) imbalance. ROS production was significantly promoted and mitochondrial potential was remarkably inhibited when overexpressing TRIM22, thus activating AMPK/mTOR signaling. Moreover, TRIM22 was also found to inhibit Warburg effect in OS cells. Autophagy activation was found in OS cells which were overexpressed TRIM22, thus leading to autophagic cell death. Treatment with N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger or the autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) abolished the decreased malignant phenotypes in TRIM22 overexpressing OS cells. In conclusion, our study indicated that TRIM22 inhibits OS progression by promoting proteasomal degradation of NRF2 independent of KEAP1, thereby activating ROS/AMPK/mTOR/Autophagy signaling that leads to autophagic cell death in OS. Therefore, our findings indicated that targeting TRIM22/NRF2 could be a promising therapeutic target for treating OS.
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•TRIM22 inhibits proliferation and metastasis of OS cells.•TRIM22 interacts with and accelerates NRF2 degradation by inducing its ubiquitination dependent on E3 ligase activity.•TRIM22 inhibited OS progression through NRF2-mediated intracellular ROS imbalance.•TRIM22 inhibits OS progression by promoting NRF2 degradation, thereby activating ROS/AMPK/mTOR/Autophagy signaling.
How signaling molecules achieve signal diversity and specificity is a long-standing cell biology question. Here we report the development of a targeted delivery method that permits specific ...expression of homologous Ras-family small GTPases (i.e., Ras, Rap2, and Rap1) in different subcellular microdomains, including the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid rafts, bulk membrane, lysosomes, and Golgi complex, in rodent hippocampal CA1 neurons. The microdomain-targeted delivery, combined with multicolor fluorescence protein tagging and high-resolution dual-quintuple simultaneous patch-clamp recordings, allows systematic analysis of microdomain-specific signaling. The analysis shows that Ras signals long-term potentiation via endoplasmic reticulum PI3K and lipid raft ERK, whereas Rap2 and Rap1 signal depotentiation and long-term depression via bulk membrane JNK and lysosome p38MAPK, respectively. These results establish an effective subcellular microdomain-specific targeted delivery method and unveil subcellular microdomain-specific signaling as the mechanism for homologous Ras and Rap to achieve signal diversity and specificity to control multiple forms of synaptic plasticity.
•Microdomain-targeted delivery method reveals signal diversity and specificity•Endoplasmic reticulum Ras-PI3K and lipid rafts Ras-ERK signal long-term potentiation•Bulk membrane Rap2-JNK signals depotentiation•Lysosome Rap1-p38MAPK signals long-term depression
Zhang et al. develop an effective subcellular microdomain-specific targeted delivery method and demonstrate that homologous proteins (e.g., Ras and Rap) confine their signaling within distinct subcellular microdomains to achieve signal transduction diversity and specificity.
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