The general consensus in the field of Buddhist studies is that the terms “biaoquan” and “zhequan” are a pair of Buddhist philosophical concepts often used to designate two diametrically opposed forms ...of rhetoric. The former term constitutes its affirmative statement, while the latter defines a fact in negative terms—known in Christian theology as cataphatic and apophatic uses of language, respectively. Looking at the terms for which biaoquan and zhequan initially served as translations, especially in Xuanzang’s works, it would seem that these two concepts have not always appeared as a related pair representing the above-mentioned affirmative–negative dichotomy. The former could designate both affirmation (*vidhi) as well as the general activity of speech, syllables, and words (nāma). In the case of zhequan, it corresponds, in different texts, to the three Indian Buddhist concepts of negation (*pratiṣedha, *vyāvṛtti, *nivṛtti), implicative negation (paryudāsa), and exclusion of others (anyāpoha), with each use of the term “zhequan” carrying a different set of meanings and associated doctrines. Indeed, in various texts, the concept of zhequan might be opposed to the concept of biaoquan (*vidhi *sadhana) or opposed to pure negation (prasajya), or it might be applied on its own with no opposing concept. However, as Chinese Buddhism continued to develop throughout the Tang, biaoquan and zhequan came to be firmly associated and popularized as a pair of opposites. Looking at the doctrinal as well as the translation history of these two terms, this paper focuses on how they were used as a pair of opposing philosophical concepts, followed by an analysis of the profound influence of these two concepts on Chinese Buddhism.
Hospitals are important sources of pollutants resulted from diagnostic, laboratory and research activities as well as medicine excretion by patients, which include active component of drugs and ...metabolite, chemicals, residues of pharmaceuticals, radioactive markers, iodinated contrast media, etc. The discharge of hospital wastes and wastewater, especially those without appropriate treatment would expose the public in danger of infection. In particular, under the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic context in China, it is of great significance to reduce the health risks to the public and environment. In this study, technologies of different types of hospital wastes and wastewater disinfection have been summarized. Liquid chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ultraviolet irradiation disinfection are commonly used for hospital wastewater disinfection. While incineration, chemical disinfection, and physical disinfection are commonly used for hospital wastes disinfection. In addition, considering the characteristics of various hospital wastes, the classification and selection of corresponding disinfection technologies are discussed. On this basis, this study provides scientific suggestions for management, technology selection, and operation of hospital wastes and wastewater disinfection in China, which is of great significance for development of national disinfection strategy for hospital wastes and wastewater during COVID-19 pandemic.
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•O3, UV, chlorine disinfectants are used for hospital wastewater disinfection.•Incineration, chemical and physical techniques are used to disinfect hospital wastes.•Providing suggestions for hospital wastes and wastewater disinfection during COVID-19.•The chlorine disinfection and incineration are primarily recommended.
•Spatiotemporal evolution (2000–2020) of carbon emissions in Beijing is estimated.•Significant variations in the impact of different urban forms on carbon emissions.•Robust impact of explicit urban ...form on carbon emissions.•Implicit urban form is positively associated with carbon emissions.
Urban form (UF) is an important factor influencing carbon emissions (CE), and it is necessary to fully understand the complex relationship between different UF and CE. The study estimates CE using a grid as a unit and depicts the spatiotemporal pattern of CE in Beijing from 2000 to 2020. Then, based on the demand for sustainable urban development, UF is defined as explicit urban form (EUF) and implicit urban form (IUF), and the effects of different UF on CE are explored using stepwise panel regression models. The results show that (1) from 2000 to 2020, CE in Beijing showed a decreasing trend, with an average annual decrease of 57.09 × 104 t and a decrease rate of 38.58 %. Spatially, the CE gradually decreases from the east-south direction to the surrounding area, and the overall performance shows that the high CE area shrinks and the low CE area expands. (2) The influence of EUF on CE is robust, and the influence of IUF on CE is relatively large but vulnerable to other factors. (3) In EUF, urban patchy connectivity, and agglomeration have a suppressive effect on CE, while urban complexity and expansion have a positive effect on CE, reflecting that regular and compact cities are the direction of low-carbon city construction. (4) In IUF, population density (PD), economic agglomeration (EA), land use diversity (SHEI), and road density (RD) can effectively reduce CE, while industrial structure (IS) greatly contributes to the growth of CE, indicating that IUF significantly affects CE by influencing the daily energy consumption and utilization efficiency, thus has a greater potential for CE. The study reveals the influence of EUF and IUF on CE and provides a scientific basis for policy formulation in urban spatial optimization and low-carbon city construction.
As the energy demand is increasing every day, the environmental pollution has been a main concern. To reduce environmental pollution while satisfying the energy demand, renewable energy is a good ...solution and attracted many researchers not only to produce clean energy but also to find sustainable energy solution. Among renewable energy, geothermal energy is one of promising renewable sources and is recently given a high consideration. The tectonic position of Rwanda and volcanism show that Rwanda may have promising geothermal resources. One of the evidences is the hot springs originated from tectonic. Gisenyi hot spring is located in Northern Province nearest to the Kivu Lac on the base of volcanoes with surface water temperature of 71°C. In this paper, the conceptual and numerical models were made on Gisenyi hot spring based on geological, geochemical, hydrochemistry and geophysical data to estimate the temperature profile of the spring. This paper assesses the reservoir temperature of Gisenyi hot spring by using various geothermometers along with existing data and information using MATLAB software. The electrical power potential using Organic Rankine Cycle and Carbon dioxide as a working fluid have been assessed together with the optimum depth by considering the dominant mode of heat transfer.
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•Anaerobic digestion (AD) coupled with pyrolysis (Py) is environmentally favorable.•Environmental impact of different integrations of AD and Py are investigated.•The energy ...consumption plays a key role in the life cycle assessment.•Py-AD has the worst performance (2.75 of total environmental impact /kg feedstock).•AD-Py has higher industrial potential compared with other scenarios.
The integration of anaerobic digestion (AD) and pyrolysis (Py) could be a solution to economically utilize the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). However, it is not clear whether the environmental impact of the integrated pathway always outperforms the two single technologies. In this study, two integrated pathways (AD-Py, Py-AD) were compared with single AD and Py from the life cycle environmental impacts point of view. The results indicate that the environmental impacts of the four pathways are heavily dependent on their energy inputs and outputs. AD-Py is more environmentally friendly (-11.53 of total environmental impact /kg OFMSW) than single AD or Py. Py-AD exhibites the heaviest environmental burden (2.75 of total environmental impact /kg OFMSW) in all pathways. Therefore, AD-Py can be the top priority of treating OFMSW among the four pathways from the environmental viewpoint. This work could provide a theoretical support for the utilization of OFMSW.
Metabolic reprogramming has been defined as a hallmark of malignancies. Prior studies have focused on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of POLG2 gene, which is reportedly responsible for ...encoding mitochondrial DNA genes and is implicated in the material and energy metabolism of tumor cells, whereas its function in prostate cancer has been elusive. Gene expression profile matrix and clinical information were downloaded from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data portal, and GSE3325 and GSE8511 were retrieved from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) database. We conducted analysis of the relative expression of POLG2, clinical characterization, survival analysis, GO / KEGG and GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) enrichment analysis in R and employed STRING portal to acquaint ourselves with the protein-protein interaction (PPI). IHC (Immunohistochemical) profiles of POLG2 protein between normal and cancerous tissues were consulted via HPA (Human protein atlas) database and the immunohistochemical POLG2 were verified between para-cancerous and cancerous tissues in tissue array. At the cellular level, Mitochondrial dysfunction assay, DNA synthesis test, wound healing assay, and invasion assay were implemented to further validate the phenotype of POLG2 knockdown in PCa cell lines. RT-qPCR and western blotting were routinely adopted to verify variations of molecular expression within epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Results showed that POLG2 was over-expressed in most cancer types, and the over-expression of POLG2 was correlated with PCa progression and suggested poor OS (Overall Survival) and PFI (Progress Free Interval). Multivariate analysis showed that POLG2 might be an independent prognostic factor of prostate cancer. We also performed GO/KEGG, GSEA analysis, co-expression genes, and PPI, and observed the metabolism-related gene alterations in PCa. Furthermore, we verified that POLG2 knockdown had an inhibitory effect on mitochondrial function, proliferation, cell motility, and invasion, we affirmed POLG2 could affect the prognosis of advanced prostate cancer via EMT. In summary, our findings indicate that over-expressed POLG2 renders poor prognosis in advanced prostate cancer. This disadvantageous factor can serve as a potential indicator, making it possible to target mitochondrial metabolism to treat advanced prostate cancer.
•Construct a land use function evaluation index system for resource-based cities.•Revealed land use functions and their trade-offs/synergies evolution in lifecycle.•Land use functions and their ...trade-offs/synergies evolution guide future land use.
The industrialization of resource-based cities exerts a profound influence on their land system. The land use functions (LUFS), are concealed representation of this land system, can highlight issues in human-land relations. To address these challenges, we have developed a bottom-up approach for constructing an LFUS evaluation system tailored to resource-based cities. This system assesses the evolution of the LUFS, its trade-offs, and synergies on a grid scale, with applications in the resource-depleted city of Xintai. The research findings indicate the following:(1) From 1985 to 2021, the LFUS, including production function (PF) and living functions (LF), showed a generally increasing trend. Ecological function (EF), however, fluctuated, initially decreasing, then increasing, and subsequently decreasing again. (2) During this period, the trade-off relationship between PF and LF strengthened from 1985 to 1996, weakened in 2011, and PF-EF showed a weak trade-off in 1985, transitioned to a synergy from 1996 to 2011, and reverted to a trade-off in 2021. (3) The relationships among LUFS elements showed mechanisms for the formation of trade-off and synergy relationships among LUFS. Conflicts between cultivated land and construction land primarily contributed to the trade-off between PF and LF. Meanwhile, conflicts between cultivated land and ecological land led to the trade-off between PF and EF, and conflicts between construction land and ecological land contributed to the trade-off between LF and EF. This study presents a bottom-up approach for constructing a LUFS evaluation indicator system for resource-based cities. This research provides valuable insights for land use decision-making, addressing the sustainability needs of transitioning resource-based cities.
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