The nanosheets of Bi2MoO6 were loaded to surface of TiO2 NTs (grown on Ti mesh) via simple solvothermal method and the amount of Bi2MoO6 nanosheets was adjusted by changing reaction intervals. The ...PEC removal efficiency of RhB, MO, MB and Cr (VI) achieved 75%, 100%, 100% and 100%. The type-II heterojunction mechanism was tentatively proposed.
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The fabrication of TiO2 NTs/Bi2MoO6 type-II heterojunction photocatalyst was carried out by a simple solvothermal method. Bi2MoO6 nanoparticles with nanosheet microstructures were successfully loaded on TiO2 NTs surface through the adjustment of reaction intervals. The heterojunction photocatalyst showed excellent organic dye and heavy metal ion removal performances, and nearly 100%, 75%, 100% and 100% of MO, RhB, MB and Cr (VI) were removed by simulative sunlight irradiation for 3 or 2 h, respectively. The outstanding photocatalyic performance was mainly due to the formation of type-II heterojunction between TiO2 and Bi2MoO6. The type-II heterojunction not only enhanced visible light response but also accelerated photogenerated charge carrier transfer and restrained the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs with the assistance of internal electric field.
Highly visible light active Fe-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays (Fe-TiO2 NTs) were prepared by a simple solvothermal method, and the morphology, composition, visible light response and photocatalytic ...property were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis diffusion reflection spectroscopy (DRS), photocurrent and photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) test. The results indicated that the doping progress of Fe3+ ions didn't destroy the highly-ordered nanotube array structures, and Fe3+ concentrations had significant influences on photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 NTs. The Fe-TiO2 NTs prepared with the Fe3+ concentration of 1 mmol/L exhibited more excellent photocurrent and PEC activities than those of TiO2 NTs and other Fe-TiO2 NTs under visible or solar light irradiation. The highly visible active Fe-TiO2 NTs may show extensive applications in solar cells and photocatalysts due to the excellent photoelectrochemical performance.
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•Fe3+ doped TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared by a solvothermal method.•The concentrations of Fe3+ played a vital rule in photoelectrochemical properties.•The Fe-TiO2 NTs showed excellent visible light response.•The Fe-TiO2 NTs (1) showed optimal removal efficiencies of MB and Cr(VI).
Bi2S3 nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of TiO2 nanotube arrays by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. The visible light photocurrent density of TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3 (5) ...was 5.99 mA/cm2, the photovoltage was −0.29 V/cm2, the flat band was −0.67 V, and the carrier concentration was 1.15 × 1020 cm−3. The TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3 (5) showed the optimal photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) removal efficiencies of methyl orange, rhodamine B and Cr(VI).
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•Bi2S3 nanoparticles were deposited on TiO2 nanotube arrays by a SILAR method.•The TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3 (5) photoelectrode showed the excellent photoelectrochemical properties.•The PEC mechanism of TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3 photocatalysts was proposed.
Bi2S3 nanoparticles were deposited on TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3) by the simple successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The morphology, optical absorption and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3 were investigated by the changing of SILAR cycles. The results indicated that the TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3 (5) prepared with 5 SILAR cycles showed the optimal photoelectrochemical properties. The visible light photocurrent density of TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3 (5) was 5.99 mA/cm2, the photovoltage was −0.29 V/cm2, the flat band was −0.67 V, and the carrier concentration was 1.15 × 1020 cm-3. The TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3 (5) showed the optimal photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) removal efficiencies of rhodamine B (RhB), methyl orange (MO) and Cr(VI). Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical mechanism was tentatively proposed, and the excellent solar absorption and electron transportation were the main reason for the high photoelectric conversion and PEC removal of pollutants.
With the increasing energy demand together with the deteriorating environment and decreasing fossil fuel resources, the development of highly efficient energy conversion and storage devices is one of ...the key challenges of both fundamental and applied research in energy technology. Melamine sponges (MS) with low density, high nitrogen content, and high porosity have been used to design and obtain three‐dimensional porous carbon electrode materials. More importantly, they are inexpensive, environment‐friendly, and easy to synthesize. There have been many reports on the modification of carbonized MS and MS‐based composites for supercapacitor and lithium battery electrode materials. In this paper, recent studies on the fabrication of electrode materials using MS as raw materials have been mainly reviewed, including carbonation, doping activation, and composite modification of MS, and expectations for the development of porous carbon materials for energy storage as a reference with excellent performance, environment‐friendliness, and long life.
Melamine sponges (MS) with high nitrogen content and porosity have been used to design three‐dimensional porous carbon electrode materials. There have been many reports on the modification of carbonized MS and MS‐based composites for supercapacitor and lithium battery electrodes materials. This paper reviewed the recent studies on the fabrication of electrode materials by using MS as raw materials, including carbonation, doping activation, and composite modification.
The 3D TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTs) were prepared by the anodization of Ti meshes via adjusting the anodization voltage. The solar photocurrent density of TiO2 NTs (30) was 1.63 mA/cm2 and the ...photovoltage was −0.36 V/cm2. The TiO2 NTs (30) showed the optimal photoelectrocatalytic removal efficiencies of methyl orange, rhodamine B, methyl blue and Cr(VI).
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•TiO2 nanotube arrays on Ti mesh were prepared by the anodization method.•The TiO2 NTs (30) photoelectrode showed the excellent photoelectrochemical properties.•The PEC mechanism of TiO2 NTs photocatalysts was proposed.
The 3D TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTs) were prepared by the anodization of Ti meshes via adjusting the anodization voltage. The anodization voltage between 15 and 60 V could form the uniform tubular structures revolving around Ti wires, and the diameter and length increased with the increasement of voltages. The results indicated that the anatase TiO2 NTs (30) prepared with the andization voltage of 30 V showed excellent solar photocurrent, photovoltage, interface impedance and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) efficiencies for the removal of dye molecules and Cr(VI) heavy metal ions. The TiO2 NTs (30) sample with the average diameter of 70 nm and thickness of 4.56 μm showed photocurrent density of 1.63 mA/cm2, photovoltage of −0.36 V/cm2 and removal efficiencies of 71.31%, 51.39%, 98.07% and 48.26% for the PEC removal of methyl orange (MO), Rhodamine B (RhB), methyl blue (MB) and Cr(VI), respectively. The excellent photoelectrochemical propery of TiO2 NTs (30) could be attributed to the effective pollutant adsorption and carrier transportation. This flexible photoelectrode would cause intense attention in the applications of solar cells, pollutant degradation, photolysis of water, and gas sensor.
CuO nanosheets were deposited on the surface of TiO2 nanotube arrays by a SILAR method. The visible light photocurrent density of TiO2 NTs/CuO (M) was 19.81 mA/cm2, the photovoltage was −0.59 V/cm2, ...the flat band was −0.53 V, and the carrier concentration was 5.57 × 1019 cm−3. The TiO2 NTs/CuO (M) showed the optimal photoelectrocatalytic removal efficiencies of methyl orange, rhodamine B, methyl blue and Cr(VI).
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•CuO nanosheets were deposited on TiO2 nanotube arrays by a SILAR method.•The TiO2 NTs/CuO (M) photoelectrode showed the excellent photoelectrochemical properties.•The PEC mechanism of TiO2 NTs/CuO photocatalysts was proposed.
The CuO nanosheets were deposited on the surface of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTs/CuO) by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method at 90 °C. The results indicated that the reactant concentration influenced the morphology, visible light response and corresponding photoelectrochemical performances of TiO2 NTs/CuO. The TiO2 NTs/CuO (M) prepared in 0.04 mol/L of Cu2+ solution possessed the highest visible light photocurrent (19.81 mA/cm2), photovoltage (−0.59 V/cm2) and charge carrier concentration (5.57 × 1019 cm−3) among these photoelectrodes. Beside, the TiO2 NTs/CuO (M) photoelectrode could achieve rapid pollutant removal, and the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) efficiencies for RhB, MO, MB and Cr(VI) were 55.36%, 48.28%, 89.61% and 74.76% under solar irradiation, respectively. Hence, the novel TiO2 NTs/CuO (M) photoelectrode would exhibit excellent property in the applications of solar cells and photocatalysts.
The TiO2 NTs were first treated with bi-functional mercaptoacetic acid linkers (HOOC–R–S). The –OH group on the surface of TiO2 NT provides a strong affinity with the carboxylate group in the linker ...molecules. The thiol functional group in the linker molecules facilitates the binding with Ag from AgNO3 solution. After Ag+ ions were reduced by NaBH4, Ag nanoparticles formed by nucleation and growth. Display omitted
► Ag nanoparticles with an average diameter of 9.2nm were filled in the TiO2 nanotubes by a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. ► Bi-functional mercaptoacetic acid linkers were used to bind TiO2 nanotubes with Ag nanoparticles. ► Ag nanoparticles modification of TiO2 NTs largely enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under ultraviolet light irradiation.
Ordered anatase TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2 NTs) on Ti substrate were synthesized by electrochemical anodization and subsequently vapor-thermal treatment. Ag nanoparticles were decorated on TiO2 NTs by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for the characterization of surface morphology, phase composition, and microstructure of the original TiO2 NTs, the vapor-thermally treated TiO2 NTs and the Ag nanoparticles decorated TiO2 NTs. The results indicate that vapor-thermal treatment favors to the transformation of amorphous TiO2 into anatase phase. Increasing the SILAR cycle times favors to increase the loaded amounts of Ag nanoparticles in TiO2 NTs. Ag nanoparticles are uniformly distributed in the TiO2 NTs, and the SILAR process does not damage the ordered tubular structure. A possible formation mechanism of Ag/TiO2 NTs has also been proposed. The photocatalytic results showed that the Ag nanoparticle modified TiO2 NTs largely enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under ultraviolet light irradiation.
Ag–AgBr nanospheres were synthesized on the tubular surface of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTA/Ag–AgBr) by the one-pot hydrothermal deposition strategy using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as ...bromine source and morphology controlling agent. The results showed that the TiO2 NTA/Ag–AgBr (0.025) prepared with 0.025 g CTAB had the uniform particle distribution, high visible light absorption, photoelectric conversion activity and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) removal of organic dyes and heavy metal ions. The high photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants in waste water was attributed to the synergistic effect of Ag–AgBr nanospheres with the strong visible light response and effective separation of electron-hole pairs. The active group and photocatalytic mechanism for the rapid pollutant removal were systematically explored. This work will open the window of TiO2 NTA based photoelectrodes for the applications in solar energy conversion and dyeing waste water purification.
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•Ag–AgBr nanospheres were prepared on TiO2 NTs by a simple hydrothermal method.•The TiO2 NTs/Ag–AgBr (0.025) photoelectrode exhibited high photoelectrochemical performances.•The PEC mechanism for the degradation of pollutants was proposed.
To significantly improve the solar harvesting and electron transportation, Bi2S3/BiOI p-n heterojunctions were successfully formed on the surface of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3-BiOI) by a ...simple solvothermal method, and the morphology, composition and photoelectrochemical property of the TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3-BiOI were investigated by adjusting the concentration ratio of sulphur/iodonium. TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3-BiOI nanosheets and nanorods were prepared, and the self-assembled microflowers were also observed. The results indicated that flower-like TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3-BiOI showed high visible light absorption, photocurrent density and rapid photoelectrocatalytic removal of organic dyes and Cr(VI). The growth and photocatalytic mechanism were proposed to illuminate the high photoelectrochemical performances. The excellent photoelectrochemical activities drive the TiO2 NTs/Bi2S3/BiOI being superior environmental and energy materials in the applications of wastewater purification and solar cells.
Abstract
Background
Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) are an urgent public health issue in China, especially among older adults. Hence, self-management is crucial for disease progression and ...treatment. Electronic health (e-health) literacy and self-efficacy positively correlate with self-management. However, we know little about their underlying mechanisms in older adults with CNCDs.
Objective
To explore the factors that influence chronic disease self-management (CDSM) and verify self-efficacy as the mediator between e-health literacy and self-management behavior in older patients with CNCDs.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 289 older patients with CNCDs from Hunan province, China, between July and November 2021. E-health literacy, self-efficacy, social support, and CDSM data were collected through questionnaires. The influence of each factor on CDSM was explored with multiple linear regression analysis. Intermediary effects were computed via a structural equation model.
Results
The total CDSM score in the patients was 29.39 ± 9.60 and only 46 (15.92%) patients used smart healthcare devices. The regression analysis showed e-health literacy, self-efficacy, and social support were the factors that affected CDSM. Furthermore, the structural equation model revealed that self-efficacy directly affected CDSM (
β
= 0.45,
P
< 0.01), whereas e-health literacy affected it directly (
β
= 0.42,
P
< 0.01) and indirectly (
β
= 0.429,
P
< 0.01) through self-efficacy.
Conclusions
This study revealed that self-management among older patients with CNCDs is at a low level, and few of them use smart healthcare devices. Self-efficacy plays a partial intermediary role between e-health literacy and self-management in older patients with CNCDs. Thus, efforts to improve their CDSM by targeting e-health literacy may be more effective when considering self-efficacy.
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