This paper discusses a consensus-based alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMMs) approach for solving the dynamic dc optimal power flow (DC-OPF) problem with demand response in a ...distributed manner. In smart grid, emerging techniques together with distributed nature of data and information, significantly increase the complexity of power systems operation and stimulate the needs for distributed optimization. In this paper, the distributed DC-OPF approach solves local OPF problems of individual subsystems in parallel, which are coordinated via global consensus variables (i.e., phase angles on boundary buses of adjacent subsystems). Three distributed DC-OPF algorithms are discussed with different convergence performance and/or communication requirement. All three distributed algorithms can effectively handle prevailing constraints for the transmission network, generating units, and demand response in individual subsystems, while the global convergence can be guaranteed. In particular, based on the traditional distributed ADMM approach, a fully decentralized algorithm without the central controller is proposed in Algorithm 2 with a new communication strategy, in which only limited information on boundary buses are exchanged among adjacent subsystems. In addition, the accelerated ADMM is discussed in Algorithm 3 for improving the convergence performance. In recognizing distributed OPF approaches in literature, one major research focus on this paper is to quantify the impact of key parameters and subsystem partitioning strategies on the convergence performance and the data traffic via numerical case studies. A general guidance for subsystem partitioning is proposed and verified via large-scale power systems.
Weaning disturbs the intestinal barrier function and increases the risk of infection in piglets. Probiotics exert beneficial health effects, mainly by reinforcing the intestinal epithelium and ...modulating the gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms of action, and especially, the specific regulatory effects of modulated microbiota by probiotics on the intestinal epithelium have not yet been elucidated. The present study aimed to decipher the protective effects of the probiotic
strain ZLP001 on the intestinal epithelium and microbiota as well as the effects of modulated microbiota on epithelial function. Paracellular permeability was measured with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FD-4). Gene and protein expression levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, and host defense peptides were determined by RT-qPCR, ELISA, and western blot analysis. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were measured by ion chromatography. Fecal microbiota composition was assessed by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that pretreatment with 10
colony forming units (CFU) mL
of
ZLP001 significantly counteracted the increase in gut permeability to FD-4 induced by 10
CFU mL
enterotoxigenic
(ETEC). In addition,
ZLP001 pretreatment alleviated the reduction in TJ proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1) and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, and TNFα expression and secretion caused by ETEC.
ZLP001 also significantly increased the expression of the host defense peptides
and
and pBD2 secretion relative to the control. Furthermore,
ZLP001 treatment affected piglet fecal microbiota. The abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria
and
was significantly increased in
ZLP001-treated piglets, and showed a positive correlation with fecal butyric and acetic acid concentrations. In addition, the cell density of
1, which may cause epithelial inflammation, was decreased after
ZLP001 administration, while the beneficial
was significantly increased. Our findings suggest that
ZLP001 fortifies the intestinal barrier by strengthening epithelial defense functions and modulating gut microbiota.
Heavy metal accumulation in soil has been rapidly increased due to various natural processes and anthropogenic (industrial) activities. As heavy metals are non-biodegradable, they persist in the ...environment, have potential to enter the food chain through crop plants, and eventually may accumulate in the human body through biomagnification. Owing to their toxic nature, heavy metal contamination has posed a serious threat to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, remediation of land contamination is of paramount importance. Phytoremediation is an eco-friendly approach that could be a successful mitigation measure to revegetate heavy metal-polluted soil in a cost-effective way. To improve the efficiency of phytoremediation, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in plant is indispensable. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of how heavy metals are taken up, translocated, and detoxified in plants. We focus on the strategies applied to improve the efficiency of phytostabilization and phytoextraction, including the application of genetic engineering, microbe-assisted and chelate-assisted approaches.
Let
Ω
⊂
R
2
be a smooth bounded domain,
W
0
1
,
2
(
Ω
)
be the standard Sobolev space. Assuming certain conditions on a function
g
:
R
→
R
, we derive a modified singular Trudinger–Moser inequality, ...which was originally established by Adimurthi and Sandeep (Nonlinear Differ. Equ. Appl. 13:585–603,
2007
), namely,
1
sup
u
∈
W
0
1
,
2
(
Ω
)
,
∥
∇
u
∥
2
≤
1
∫
Ω
(
1
+
g
(
u
)
)
e
4
π
(
1
−
γ
)
u
2
|
x
|
2
γ
d
x
,
where
0
<
γ
<
1
. Following Yang and Zhu (J. Funct. Anal. 272:3347–3374,
2017
), we prove that the extremal functions for the supremum in (
1
) exist. The proof is based on a blow-up analysis.
Lower household income has been consistently associated with poorer diet quality. Household food purchases may be an important intervention target to improve diet quality among low income ...populations. Associations between household income and the diet quality of household food purchases were examined.
Food purchase receipt data were collected for 14 days from 202 urban households participating in a study about food shopping. Purchase data were analyzed using NDS-R software and scored using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI 2010). HEI total and subscores, and proportion of grocery dollars spent on food categories (e.g. fruits, vegetables, sugar sweetened beverages) were examined by household income-to-poverty ratio.
Compared to lower income households, after adjusting for education, marital status and race, higher income households had significantly higher HEI total scores (mean sd = 68.2 13.3 versus 51.6 13.9, respectively, adjusted p = 0.05), higher total vegetable scores (mean sd = 3.6 1.4 versus 2.3 1.6, respectively, adjusted p < .01), higher dairy scores (mean sd = 5.6 3.0 versus 5.0 3.3, p = .05) and lower proportion of grocery dollars spent on frozen desserts (1% .02 versus 3% .07, respectively, p = .02).
Lower income households purchase less healthful foods compared with higher income households. Food purchasing patterns may mediate income differences in dietary intake quality.
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02073643.
The gut microbiota plays important roles in the health and well-being of animals, and high-throughput sequencing facilitates exploration of microbial populations in the animal gut. However, previous ...studies have focused on fecal samples instead of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we compared the microbiota diversity and composition of intestinal contents of weaned piglets treated with
Lactobacillus reuteri
or chlortetracycline (aureomycin) using high-throughput sequencing. Nine weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups and supplemented with
L. reuteri
, chlortetracycline, or saline for 10 days, and then the contents of three intestinal segments (jejunum, colon, and cecum) were obtained and used for sequencing of the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The microbiota diversity and composition in the jejunum were different from those in the colon and cecum among the three treatments. In the jejunum, treatment with
L. reuteri
increased the species richness of the microbiota, as indicated by the ACE and Chao1 indexes, compared with the chlortetracycline group, in which several taxa were eliminated. In the colon and cecum, relative abundances of the phylum
Firmicutes
and the genus
Prevotella
were higher in the chlortetracycline group than in the other groups. Distances between clustered samples revealed that the
L. reuteri
group was closer to the chlortetracycline group than the control group for jejunum samples, while colon and cecum samples of the
L. reuteri
group were clustered with those of the control group. This study provides fundamental knowledge for future studies such as the development of alternatives to antibiotics.
As a member of the 2D transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs), 2D Ag2S with large absorption coefficient, broadband optical response, extraordinary metal‐like ductility, high plastic deformation ...strain, unique layered structure, and very low solubility has offered a platform for achieving tremendous success in various fields. Great achievements have been made in exploring the linear optical, mechanical, and photoelectric properties of 2D Ag2S nanosheets. However, the nonlinear optical properties of 2D Ag2S nanosheets and their applications in ultrafast photonics have not been studied. The saturable absorption property of 2D Ag2S nanosheets is experimentally illustrated at the telecommunication band with a large optical modulation depth of 15.5% and a low saturable intensity of 250.4 MW cm−2. Moreover, the 229th harmonic soliton molecule with repetition rate of 1.1 GHz based on 2D Ag2S saturable absorber is realized at the telecommunication band for the first time to the authors' knowledge. Thankfully, 2D Ag2S nanosheets display excellent nonlinear optical properties suggesting that this may open a new door for advanced photonic devices based on 2D Ag2S nanosheets.
As a member of the 2D transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs), 2D Ag2S with large absorption coefficient, broadband optical response, and unique layered structure has offered a platform for achieving tremendous success in various fields. Herein, an Ag2S saturable absorber (SA) is incorporated into an Er‐doped fiber laser to achieve a 229th harmonic soliton molecule, corresponding to a repetition frequency of 1.1 GHz for the first time.
Overhead lines act as the basic media for electricity transmission, and their stable operation remains really important to the whole power systems. As a result, real-time monitoring towards the ...operation status and fast discovery towards the device fault are in urgent demand. To deal with such issue, this work presents design and optimization of an intelligent monitoring system for overhead lines based on common information model (CIM). Firstly, tree format data structure is established using CIM, and analysis of CIM-XML data files are completed based on CIM. Then, the necessary relational tables without affecting database performance are established, in order to ensure that the mapped relational database can fully express all kinds of relationships in CIM. Finally, the abnormal temperature rise at the connection of overhead lines in traction power supply systems is selected as the object. And some simulation is conducted to evaluate performance of the designed prototype system. The results show that the system can accurately detect the voltage value from normal working state to the limit state of human safety voltage, with relatively small errors (about 3%-6%). Compared with inductive high-voltage detection technology, this system has higher detection capability. The intelligent monitoring of overhead lines based on the Common Information Model (CIM) optimizes the combined contact force characteristic values of pantographs and dynamic schemes of overhead lines, reducing the average risk loss.
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