Objective Information Theory (OIT) is proposed to represent and compute the information in a large-scale complex information system with big data in this monograph. To formally analyze, design, ...develop, and evaluate the information, OIT interprets the information from essential nature, measures the information from mathematical properties, and models the information from concept, logic, and physic. As the exemplified applications, Air Traffic Control System (ATCS) and Smart Court SoSs (System of Systems) are introduced for practical OITs. This Open Access book can be used as a technical reference book in the field of information science and also a reference textbook for senior students and graduate ones in related majors.
One of the most common complications of cancer chemotherapy is oral mucositis (OM), a serious kind of oral ulceration, but its effective treatment remains a serious challenge. In this study, we used ...deoxycholic acid and fucoidan to prepare inflammation-targeting nanomicelles (FD), because fucoidan can target inflammation due to its high binding affinity for P-selectin. The hydrophobic anti-inflammatory drug cannabidiol (CBD) was then loaded into the hydrophobic core of FD. The resulting CBD-loaded FD micelles (CBD/FD) had uniform particle size and morphology, as well as favorable serum stability. Moreover, administration of the FD micelles via intravenous injection or in situ dripping in an OM mouse model enhanced the accumulation and retention of CBD. CBD/FD also showed a better anti-inflammatory effect compared to free CBD after local or systemic administration in vivo, while they accelerated OM healing and inhibited Ly6G inflammatory cell infiltration and NF-κB nuclear transcription. Our results show that CBD/FD nanomicelles are a promising agent for OM treatment.
Although numerous advances have been made in information technology in the past decades, there is still a lack of progress in information systems dynamics (ISD), owing to the lack of a mathematical ...foundation needed to describe information and the lack of an analytical framework to evaluate information systems. The value of ISD lies in its ability to guide the design, development, application, and evaluation of large-scale information system-of-systems (SoSs), just as mechanical dynamics theories guide mechanical systems engineering. This paper reports on a breakthrough in these fundamental challenges by proposing a framework for information space, improving a mathematical theory for information measurement, and proposing a dynamic configuration model for information systems. In this way, it establishes a basic theoretical framework for ISD. The proposed theoretical methodologies have been successfully applied and verified in the Smart Court SoSs Engineering Project of China and have achieved significant improvements in the quality and efficiency of Chinese court informatization. The proposed ISD provides an innovative paradigm for the analysis, design, development, and evaluation of large-scale complex information systems, such as electronic government and smart cities.
Shaked and Shanthikumar 1992. Optimal allocation of resources to nodes of series and parallel systems. Advances in Applied Probability 24, 894–914 and Singh and Singh 1997a. Optimal allocation of ...resources to nodes of series systems with respect to failure-rate ordering. Naval Research Logistics 44, 147–152 considered the problem of optimal allocation of
K
active redundancies to
n
independent and identical components of a series system with respect to the usual stochastic order and to the hazard rate order, respectively. In this note we consider the problems of optimal allocation of a
r
-out-of-
n
system with respect to the usual stochastic order and of optimal allocation of a series system with respect to the reversed hazard rate order. It is shown that for each
r
, by balancing the allocation of active redundancies one can stochastically maximize the lifetime of the resulting
r
-out-of-
n
system, and that there exists an optimal allocation to optimize the reversed hazard rate function of the system for
n
=
2
while such an optimal allocation does not exist for
n
>
2
.
Metastasis is closely related to the high mortality of cancer patients, which is regulated by multiple signaling pathways. Hence, multiphase blocking of this biological process is beneficial for ...cancer treatments. Herein, we establish a multifunctional self-delivering system by synthesizing D-α-tocopheryl succinates (TOS)-conjugated chondroitin sulfate (CS) (CT NPs), which both serve as nanocarrier and antimetastatic agent that affects different phases of the metastatic cascade. TOS as the hydrophobic segment of CT NPs can inhibit the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9, while the hydrophilic segment CS targets B16F10 cells through CD44 receptors and reduces the interaction between tumor cells and platelets. The results show that CT NPs are able to inhibit metastasis successfully both in vitro and in vivo by interfering the multiphase of the metastatic cascade. Following encapsulating chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX), the obtained micelles CT/DOX efficiently suppress both primary-tumor growth and metastases in B16F10 bearing mice. As a result, the rationally designed multifunctional NPs composing of biocompatible materials provide excellent therapeutic effects on solid tumors and metastases.
(A) Schematic illustration of the preparation of CT/DOX NPs, The hydrophilic CS and the hydrophobic TOS were linked by ester bonds and then self-assembled into well-defined micelles, DOX-loaded NPs were prepared by ultrasonic emulsification.
(B) The roles of CT/DOX NPs in targeting a melanoma solid tumor and inhibiting lung metastasis. Display omitted
Intersection regions widely exist in road networks as crucial connections, and the congestion effects on traffic in the networks cannot be ignored. In general, a conventional intersection region ...includes a merging region and more than two ramps, whose congestion brings a serious negative effect on traffic service quality and satisfaction of drivers. Specifically, intersection region congestion is caused by congestion in merging regions. However, current control methods regarding coordination of the variable speed limits and ramp metering in order to solve merging region congestion are insufficient to handle congestion occurring in the intersection region. Therefore, a new method of coordinated control is proposed in this paper based on mainline control using the variable speed limits and coordinated ramp metering. The coordinated control method is formulated considering the degree of crowdedness indexes and implemented based on the queue length, with the goal to relieve congestion in conventional intersection regions caused by merging region congestion. The coordinated control method is further evaluated based on an actual traffic network. The results show that the proposed method is effective in terms of improving traffic service quality and relieving intersection region congestion.
In this article, we consider a k-out-of-n system with a cold standby component under the general condition that lth (0 < l ⩽ n − k + 1) component is working at time t. The survival function and mean ...residual life function of such system are derived. Some stochastic monotonic properties of the system lifetimes are presented as well. Numeric results are provided to illustrate the results. The main results obtained in this article complement and generalize related ones in Eryilmaz (
2012
).
Nowadays, with the scarcity of water resources, competition for water resources among different levels and water sectors is growing increasingly fierce. Furthermore, uncertainties are unavoidable in ...the water resources system. To address the aforementioned issues, a fuzzy max-min decision bi-level multi-objective interval programming model was proposed, which can not only focus on water conflicts at the same level or between different levels, but also pay attention to optimal allocation of water resources under uncertainty. The developed model was then applied to a case study in Wuwei City, Gansu Province, China, which selected fairness of water distribution and agricultural economic benefits as planning objectives. Based on the developed model, different water resources optimal allocation schemes under different representative hydrological years were provided. From the result, as representative hydrological years changed from wet (P = 25%) to dry (P = 75%), agricultural economic benefit and Gini coefficient of agriculture would vary from 35.19, 37.78 × 108 yuan to 31.12, 31.99 × 108 yuan and from 0.468, 0.429 to 0.505, 0.503, which indicates that as available water resources decrease, agricultural economic benefit would decrease and fairness of water distribution would also decrease. And the water distribution fairness of the upper bound water allocation scheme is higher than that of the lower bound water allocation scheme when in the same representative hydrological year. In addition, no matter what representative hydrological year, the results of the established bi-level programming model are always in the middle of the results of the upper and lower level individual objective, which means that the developed bi-level programming model has great advantage to deal with water competing conflict among different levels. Furthermore, based on the results of developed model, the reasonable water resources optimization schemes can be determined by the decision-makers when faced with multi-objective, bi-level and multiple uncertainties problems.
•Dealing with water conflicts among different levels and objectives through optimal allocation of water resources.•Reducing negative influence caused by weight distribution by establishing AHP-EW model.•The developed bi-level programming takes both fairness in water distribution and agricultural economic benefits under consideration.•Different optimal water allocation schemes can be provided under different representative hydrological years.
•Energy consumption is introduced in the optimization model.•Eliminate the negative influence caused by weight distribution.•Optimal planting schemes were obtained.
In order to multi objectives and ...uncertainties in the optimization allocation of irrigation water resources, this paper developed an improved interval multi-objectives programming method. The proposed model was then applied to a case study in Jinghuiqu irrigation district, Shaanxi Province, China. Maximum economic benefit and minimum energy consumption are regarded as planning objectives. A series of planting structure optimal schemes were obtained under different representative hydrological years. From the result, shortage of water resources has a negative effect on the development of Jinghuiqu irrigation district. Moreover, the remaining water resources prefer vegetable to wheat after meeting the minimum demand of the developed model, which characterized with high economic benefit and lower energy consumption. Moreover, due to the introduction of effective precipitation, a lot of irrigation water resources have been saved, such as 47.14% of total water consumption was saved when P = 25%. Furthermore, the desired optimal schemes can be obtained by the decision-makers based on the results of the developed model.
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