Pandemics have become more frequent and more complex during the twenty-first century. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following pandemics is a significant public health concern. We sought to ...provide a reliable estimate of the worldwide prevalence of PTSD after large-scale pandemics as well as associated risk factors, by a systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched the MedLine, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, medRxiv, and bioRxiv databases to identify studies that were published from the inception up to August 23, 2020, and reported the prevalence of PTSD after pandemics including sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1, Poliomyelitis, Ebola, Zika, Nipah, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), H5N1, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A total of 88 studies were included in the analysis, with 77 having prevalence information and 70 having risk factors information. The overall pooled prevalence of post-pandemic PTSD across all populations was 22.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.9-25.4%, I
: 99.7%). Healthcare workers had the highest prevalence of PTSD (26.9%; 95% CI: 20.3-33.6%), followed by infected cases (23.8%: 16.6-31.0%), and the general public (19.3%: 15.3-23.2%). However, the heterogeneity of study findings indicates that results should be interpreted cautiously. Risk factors including individual, family, and societal factors, pandemic-related factors, and specific factors in healthcare workers and patients for post-pandemic PTSD were summarized and discussed in this systematic review. Long-term monitoring and early interventions should be implemented to improve post-pandemic mental health and long-term recovery.
Abstract
We present the results from a spectroscopic monitoring campaign to obtain reverberation mapping measurements and investigate the broad-line region (BLR) kinematics for active galactic nuclei ...(AGNs) of Mrk 817 and NGC 7469. This campaign was undertaken with the Lijiang 2.4 m telescope. The median spectroscopic sampling is 2.0 days for Mrk 817 and 1.0 day for NGC 7469. We detect time lags of the broad emission lines, including H
β
, H
γ
, He
ii,
and He
i
for both AGNs, including Fe
ii
for Mrk 817 with respect to the varying AGN continuum at 5100 Å. Investigating the relationship between line widths and time lags of the broad emission lines, we find that the BLR dynamics of Mrk 817 and NGC 7469 are consistent with the virial prediction. We estimate the masses of central supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and the accretion rates of both AGNs. Using the data of this campaign, we construct the velocity-resolved lag profiles of the broad H
γ
, H
β
, and He
i
lines for Mrk 817, which show almost the same kinematic signatures in that the time lags in the red wing are slightly larger than the time lags in the blue wing. For NGC 7469, we only clearly construct the velocity-resolved lag profiles of the broad Hγ and Hβ, which show very similar kinematic signatures to the BLR of Mrk 817. These signatures indicate that the BLR of Keplerian motion in both AGNs seemingly has outflowing components during the monitoring period. We discuss the kinematics of the BLR and the measurements, including SMBH mass and accretion rates.
Chemical modification of electrode materials by heteroatom dopants is crucial for improving storage performance in rechargeable batteries. Electron configurations of different dopants significantly ...influence the chemical interactions inbetween and the chemical bonding with the host material, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We revealed competitive doping chemistry of Group IIIA elements (boron and aluminum) taking nickel‐rich cathode materials as a model. A notable difference between the atomic radii of B and Al accounts for different spatial configurations of the hybridized orbital in bonding with lattice oxygen. Density functional theory calculations reveal, Al is preferentially bonded to oxygen and vice versa, and shows a much lower diffusion barrier than BIII. In the case of Al‐preoccupation, the bulk diffusion of BIII is hindered. In this way, a B‐rich surface and Al‐rich bulk is formed, which helps to synergistically stabilize the structural evolution and surface chemistry of the cathode.
A model study has been performed on Group IIIA element (boron and aluminum) co‐doped high‐nickel layered oxide cathode materials to understand competitive doping chemistry. A notable difference between the atomic radii of B and Al accounts for different spatial configurations of the hybridized orbital in bonding with lattice oxygen, resulting in the formation of a B‐rich surface and an Al‐rich bulk.
Developing highly efficient, low‐cost electrocatalysts with long‐time stability at high current density working conditions for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains a great challenge for the ...large‐scale commercialization of hydrogen production from water electrolysis. Herein, the Cr‐doped CoP nanorod arrays on carbon cloth (Cr‐CoP‐NR/CC) is reported as high performance HER catalysts with overpotentials of 38 and 209 mV at the HER current densities of 10 and 500 mA cm−2, respectively, outperforming the performance of the commercial Pt/C at high current density. And its HER performance shows almost no loss after 20 h working at 500 mA cm−2. The high performance is attributed to the Cr doping, which optimizes the hydrogen binding energy of CoP and prevents its oxidation. The nanorod array structure helps the escaping of the generated hydrogen gas, which is suitable for working at high current density. The obtained Cr‐CoP‐NR/CC catalyst shows the potential to replace the costly Pt‐based HER catalysts in the water electrolyzer.
Transition metal phosphides are promising catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) but still have the gaps to the commercial noble metal catalysts. This study reports a Cr‐doping method to fabricate high‐active and high‐stability Cr‐doped CoP nanorod arrays for HER at high current density, demonstrating that charge transfer and surface Cr species contribute to the performance enhancement.
Photothermal therapy (PTT) usually requires hyperthermia >50 °C for effective tumor ablation, which inevitably induces heating damage to the surrounding normal tissues/organs. Moreover, low tumor ...retention and high liver accumulation are the two main obstacles that significantly limit the efficacy and safety of many nanomedicines. To solve these problems, a smart albumin‐based tumor microenvironment‐responsive nanoagent is designed via the self‐assembly of human serum albumin (HSA), dc‐IR825 (a cyanine dye and a photothermal agent), and gambogic acid (GA, a heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor and an anticancer agent) to realize molecular targeting‐mediated mild‐temperature PTT. The formed HSA/dc‐IR825/GA nanoparticles (NPs) can escape from mitochondria to the cytosol through mitochondrial disruption under near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Moreover, the GA molecules block the hyperthermia‐induced overexpression of HSP90, achieving the reduced thermoresistance of tumor cells and effective PTT at a mild temperature (<45 °C). Furthermore, HSA/dc‐IR825/GA NPs show pH‐responsive charge reversal, effective tumor accumulation, and negligible liver deposition, ultimately facilitating synergistic mild‐temperature PTT and chemotherapy. Taken together, the NIR‐activated NPs allow the release of molecular drugs more precisely, ablate tumors more effectively, and inhibit cancer metastasis more persistently, which will advance the development of novel mild‐temperature PTT‐based combination strategies.
A smart albumin‐based theranostic nanoagent composed of human serum albumin, dc‐IR825 (a cyanine dye and a photothermal agent), and gambogic acid (an HSP90 inhibitor and an effective anticancer drug) is fabricated, which can achieve the synergistic molecular targeting‐mediated mild‐temperature photothermal therapy and chemotherapy of cancer.
Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through 2e– oxygen reduction reaction is an effective approach to replace anthraquinone process. However, most reported electrocatalysts work ...effectively in alkaline medium in which H2O2 will easily decompose into water. It is still of great challenge to develop cost‐effective electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity for electrocatalytic H2O2 production in acidic media. Herein, it is first theoretically demonstrated that the adsorption energy of OOH* intermediate on carbon can be optimized by embedding Co nanoparticles (Co NPs) and tuning oxygen‐containing functional groups, ensuring high activity and selectivity. Guided by density functional theory calculations, highly porous open carbon nanocages with embedded Co NPs are designed and synthesized by template‐engaged method. The pyrolysis temperature can effectively modulate the electronic and pore structure of carbon nanocages. Impressively, the optimized carbon nanocages synthesized at 700 °C (P‐Co@C‐700) with highest percentage of –C–O–C group and defects, largest specific surface area (1351 m2 g–1), and mesoporous structure exhibit high selectivity up to 94% toward H2O2 production in 0.1 m HClO4. Furthermore, the P‐Co@C‐700 nanocages display promising application for efficient electro‐Fenton degradation of model organic pollutant.
The density functional theory calculations predict that the adsorption energy of OOH* on carbon can be optimized by embedding Co nanoparticles and tuning oxygen‐containing functional groups for the electrosynthesis of H2O2. Guided by calculations, open carbon nanocages with optimized electronic and pore structures are synthesized, manifesting high selectivity up to 94% for H2O2 synthesis in 0.1 m HClO4.
Compared with conventional tumor photothermal therapy (PTT), mild‐temperature PTT brings less damage to normal tissues, but also tumor thermoresistance, introduced by the overexpressed heat shock ...protein (HSP). A high dose of HSP inhibitor during mild‐temperature PTT might lead to toxic side effects. Glucose oxidase (GOx) consumes glucose, leading to adenosine triphosphate supply restriction and consequent HSP inhibition. Therefore, a combinational use of an HSP inhibitor and GOx not only enhances mild‐temperature PTT but also minimizes the toxicity of the inhibitor. However, a GOx and HSP inhibitor‐encapsulating nanostructure, designed for enhancing its mild‐temperature tumor PTT efficiency, has not been reported. Thermosensitive GOx/indocyanine green/gambogic acid (GA) liposomes (GOIGLs) are reported to enhance the efficiency of mild‐temperature PTT of tumors via synergistic inhibition of tumor HSP by the released GA and GOx, together with another enzyme‐enhanced phototherapy effect. In vitro and in vivo results indicate that this strategy of tumor starvation and phototherapy significantly enhances mild‐temperature tumor PTT efficiency. This strategy could inspire people to design more delicate platforms combining mild‐temperature PTT with other therapeutic methods for more efficient cancer treatment.
Thermosensitive liposomes made of DPPC and DSPE‐PEG2000 encapsulating GOx, ICG, and GA are presented. This system is used for synergistic starvation therapy, EEPT, and enhanced mild‐temperature PTT against tumors.
The cytochrome P450 superfamily： Key players in plant development and defense XU Jun, WANG Xin-yu, GUO Wang-zhen (1State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton RD Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R.China 2College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R.China)
Journal of Integrative Agriculture,
09/2015, Letnik:
14, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The cytochrome P450 （CYP） superfamily is the largest enzymatic protein family in plants, and it also widely exists in mammals, fungi, bacteria, insects and so on. Members of this superfamily are ...involved in multiple metabolic pathways with distinct and complex functions, playing important roles in a vast array of reactions. As a result, numerous secondary metabolites are synthesized that function as growth and developmental signals or protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we summarize the characterization of CYPs, as well as their phylogenetic classification. We also focus on recent advances in elucidating the roles of CYPs in mediating plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stresses responses, providing insights into their potential utilization in plant breeding.
Layered oxide cathodes usually exhibit high compositional diversity, thus providing controllable electrochemical performance for Na‐ion batteries. These abundant components lead to complicated ...structural chemistry, closely affecting the stacking preference, phase transition and Na+ kinetics. With this perspective, we explore the thermodynamically stable phase diagram of various P2/O3 composites based on a rational biphasic tailoring strategy. Then a specific P2/O3 composite is investigated and compared with its monophasic counterparts. A highly reversible structural evolution of P2/O3–P2/O3/P3–P2/P3–P2/Z/O3′–Z/O3′ based on the Ni2+/Ni3.5+, Fe3+/Fe4+ and Mn3.8+/Mn4+ redox couples upon sequential Na extraction/insertion is revealed. The reduced structural strain at the phase boundary alleviates the phase transition and decreases the lattice mismatch during cycling, endowing the biphasic electrode a large reversible capacity of 144 mAh g−1 with the energy density approaching 514 Wh kg−1.
A rational biphasic tailoring strategy to prepare layered composite cathodes with the desired phase ratio is proposed. Benefiting from the reversible phase transition within transition metal slabs and the decreased structure strain at the phase boundary of the intergrowth structure during Na extraction and insertion, the Com‐NaNMFT composite material demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance.
Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as potential candidates for stationary energy storage because of the low cost and wide availability of Na sources. O3‐type layered oxides have been ...considered as one of the most promising cathodes for SIBs. However, they commonly show inevitable complicated phase transitions and sluggish kinetics, incurring rapid capacity decline and poor rate capability. Here, a series of sodium‐sufficient O3‐type NaNi0.5Mn0.5‐
x
Ti
x
O2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) cathodes for SIBs is reported and the mechanisms behind their excellent electrochemical performance are studied in comparison to those of their respective end‐members. The combined analysis of in situ X‐ray diffraction, ex situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy for NaNi0.5Mn0.2Ti0.3O2 reveals that the O3‐type phase transforms reversibly into a P3‐type phase upon Na+ deintercalation/intercalation. The substitution of Ti for Mn enlarges interslab distance and could restrain the unfavorable and irreversible multiphase transformation in the high voltage regions that is usually observed in O3‐type NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2, resulting in improved Na cell performance. This integration of macroscale and atomicscale engineering strategy might open up the modulation of the chemical and physical properties in layered oxides and grasp new insight into the optimal design of high‐performance cathode materials for SIBs.
Here, a structure optimization of NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 through a partial Ti substitution strategy is designed, yielding a series of sodium‐sufficient O3‐NaNi0.5Mn0.5‐xTixO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries for the first time. The substitution of Ti for Mn could suppress irreversible multiphase transformation in the high voltage regions that is usually observed in O3‐type NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 and retain a highly reversible O3−P3 phase transition, resulting in improved Na cell performance.
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