Viruses regulate host metabolic networks to improve their survival. The molecules that are responsive to viral infection and regulate such metabolic changes are hardly known, but are essential for ...understanding viral infection. Here we identify a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that is induced by multiple viruses, but not by type I interferon (IFN-I), and facilitates viral replication in mouse and human cells. In vivo deficiency of lncRNA-ACOD1 (a lncRNA identified by its nearest coding gene Acod1, aconitate decarboxylase 1) significantly attenuates viral infection through IFN-I–IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3)–independent pathways. Cytoplasmic lncRNA-ACOD1 directly binds the metabolic enzyme glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT2) near the substrate niche, enhancing its catalytic activity. Recombinant GOT2 protein and its metabolites could rescue viral replication upon lncRNA-ACOD1 deficiency and increase lethality. This work reveals a feedback mechanism of virus-induced lncRNA-mediated metabolic promotion of viral infection and a potential target for developing broad-acting antiviral therapeutics.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in cell-based therapy for various diseases, due to their immunomodulatory and inflammatory effects. However, the function of MSCs is known to decline with ...age, a process that is called senescence. To date, the process of MSC senescence remains unknown as in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in cellular senescence is lacking. First, senescent MSCs are so heterogeneous that not all of them express the same phenotypic markers. In addition, the genes and signaling pathways which regulate this process in MSCs are still unknown. Thus, an understanding of the molecular processes controlling MSC senescence is crucial to determining the drivers and effectors of age-associated MSC dysfunction. Moreover, the proper use of MSCs for clinical application requires a general understanding of the MSC aging process. Furthermore, such knowledge is essential for the development of therapeutic interventions that can slow or reverse age-related degenerative changes to enhance repair processes and maintain healthy function in aging tissues. To further clarify the properties of senescent cells, as well as to present significant findings from studies on the mechanisms of cellular aging, we summarize these biological features in the senescence of MSCs in this scenario. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the markers and differentiation potential indicating MSC senescence, as well as factors affecting MSC senescence with particular emphasis on the roles of oxidative stress, intrinsic changes in telomere shortening, histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase, genes and signaling pathways and immunological properties.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle involved in cellular homeostasis and control of protein quality. Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular response to ER stress and ...promotes cell survival. Severe or prolonged stress activates apoptosis signaling to trigger cell death. In mammals, the UPR is initiated by three major ER stress sensors, including inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase 1, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase and activating transcription factor 6. UPR dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease, which is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins. ER stress mediates the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases, such as depression, schizophrenia, sleep fragmentation and post-traumatic stress disorder. The role of UPR in the neuropathology of humans, cell lines and animal models, is established. Therefore, inhibition of specific ER mediators may contribute to the treatment and prevention of neurodegeneration. Preclinical studies have shed light on the potential therapeutic strategies. Here, we will review the evidence of UPR activation in neurodegenerative disorders and psychiatric diseases along with the methodology.
Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMB) have been regarded as an alternative to lithium‐based batteries because of their abundant elemental resource, high theoretical volumetric capacity, and ...multi‐electron redox reaction without the dendrite formation of magnesium metal anode. However, their development is impeded by their poor electrode/electrolyte compatibility and the strong Coulombic effect of the multivalent Mg2+ ions in cathode materials. Herein, copper sulfide material is developed as a high‐energy cathode for RMBs with a non‐corrosive Mg‐ion electrolyte. Given the benefit of its optimized interlayer structure, good compatibility with the electrolyte, and enhanced surface area, the as‐prepared copper sulfide cathode exhibits unprecedented electrochemical Mg‐ion storage properties, with the highest specific capacity of 477 mAh g−1 and gravimetric energy density of 415 Wh kg−1 at 50 mA g−1, among the reported cathode materials of metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, and polyanion‐type compounds for RMBs. Notably, an impressive long‐term cycling performance with a stable capacity of 111 mAh g−1 at 1 C (560 mA g−1) is achieved over 1000 cycles. The results of the present study offer an avenue for designing high‐performance cathode materials for RMBs and other multivalent batteries.
Copper sulfide material with expanded interlayers resulting from the intercalation of a quaternary ammonium bromide is developed as a high‐energy cathode in a noncorrosive Mg‐ion electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Admirable energy densities (415 Wh kg−1 and 1909 Wh L−1) derived from a two‐step conversion reaction and impressive cycling stability over 1000 cycles are achieved.
The rapid developments in nanotechnology and plasmonics allow the manipulation of light at nanometer scales, such as light propagation and resonances. Differing from the symmetric Lorentzian‐like ...profiles in the conventional resonances, Fano resonances, which originate from the interference of different resonant modes, exhibit obviously asymmetric spectral profiles. Based on lineshape engineering, the Fano resonances with sharp asymmetric profiles exhibit a small linewidth and a high spectral contrast by exploiting different mechanisms and designing various metallic nanostructures. Both of the above properties in the sharp Fano resonances have significant applications in nanoscale plasmonic sensors and modulators. This review summarizes the underlying mechanism of the Fano resonances in various metallic nanostructures. Then, practical applications of the Fano resonances in nanoscale plasmonic sensing and modulation are reviewed. At last, the development and challenges of plasmonic sensing and modulation based on Fano resonances are discussed.
Fano resonances, which originate from the interference of different resonant modes in metallic nanostructures, show obviously asymmetric spectral profiles. Based on lineshape engineering, the Fano resonances exhibit small linewidths and high spectral contrasts, which are significant for the application in nanoscale plasmonic sensors and modulators. The mechanisms of the Fano resonances and their applications in plasmonic sensing and modulation are reviewed.
•Estimating head pose with a Coarse-to-Fine neural network.•The network is achieved by joint learning, and thus are computationally efficient.•Design a rendering pipeline to synthesize realistic head ...images with annotations.•The generated head pose dataset contains 310k images.
Various applications of human-computer interaction are based on the estimation of head pose, which is challenging due to different facial appearance, inhomogeneous illumination, partial occlusion, etc. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network following the Coarse-to-Fine strategy to estimate head poses. The scheme includes two branches: Coarse classification phase classifying the input image into four categories, and Fine Regression phase estimating the accurate pose parameters. The two sub-networks are trained jointly. To tackle the problem of insufficient annotated data in training process, we design a rendering pipeline to synthesize realistic head images and generate an annotated dataset with a collection of 310k head poses. The results on benchmark datasets and synthetic dataset validate the effectiveness of our approach, as well as the results on images with diverse illumination, occlusion, and motion blur. Moreover, our method can be easily extended to estimate head poses on depth images.
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•Annexin A family protein is associated with autophagy.•Annexin A can regulate the formation of vesicular lipid membranes.•Annexin A can promote cell exocytosis.•Annexin A protein is ...a novel target for disease therapy.
Annexin A is a kind of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins, which contributes to the formation of the cell membranes and cytoskeleton and played a part as a membrane skeleton to stabilize lipid bilayer. Autophagy is one of the most important programmed cell death mechanisms. And recently some reports suggest that annexin A family protein is associated with autophagy for annexin A can regulate the formation of vesicular lipid membranes and promote cell exocytosis. In this review, we summarized the roles of annexin A protein family in autophagy regulation and targeted medical treatment for better diagnoses and therapies.
As the flow rate can vary significantly among diverse oceanic regions, it is imperative to design the flow sensors in accordance with the intended measurement flow range or resolution. In this paper, ...we propose a bio-inspired optical flow sensor prototype based on the enhanced Vernier effect, which allows to design sensor materials and parameters depending on desired measuring range and resolution. The sensor model takes inspiration from the hair cells of fish, utilizing embedded Fabry-Perot interferometers besides cupula as the enhanced Vernier effect sensory element to boost the deflection signal of the protruding cupula caused by water flow. The optical spectra of the Vernier signal, under varying FP cavity parameters, are presented to exhibit the characteristics of the sensing element. This can assist in guiding the selection of sensor parameters. This article also highlights the directional sensing capabilities of the vector flow sensor. Furthermore, four different models, each with their designated materials and parameters, have been presented. These models showcase the ability to measure velocities on either directions of different ranges, from small to large, within specific ranges of 0 m/s - 0.05 m/s and 0 m/s - 0.9 m/s. The proposed sensor can be utilized as a model for marine vector flow sensing, which can be designed according to the desired flow range and sensitivity.
Abstract
Ionic substitution forms an essential pathway to manipulate the structural phase, carrier density and crystalline symmetry of materials via ion-electron-lattice coupling, leading to a rich ...spectrum of electronic states in strongly correlated systems. Using the ferromagnetic metal SrRuO
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as a model system, we demonstrate an efficient and reversible control of both structural and electronic phase transformations through the electric-field controlled proton evolution with ionic liquid gating. The insertion of protons results in a large structural expansion and increased carrier density, leading to an exotic ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition. Importantly, we reveal a novel protonated compound of HSrRuO
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with paramagnetic metallic as ground state. We observe a topological Hall effect at the boundary of the phase transition due to the proton concentration gradient across the film-depth. We envision that electric-field controlled protonation opens up a pathway to explore novel electronic states and material functionalities in protonated material systems.
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