This work presents a new strategy to enhance the charge transfer from Zr atoms in UiO-66 to black phosphorus (BP) via an atomic-level charge-transfer channel provided by Zr–P bonds for photocatalytic ...degradation of toluene and o-dichlorobenzene. The formation of Zr–P bonds is the key to covering BP with the UiO-66 encapsulation layer and improving the charge-transfer capability of BP–UiO, which is also verified by a series of characterization and theoretical calculations. The hydrophilic porous mesh-like UiO-66 encapsulation layer endows BP–UiO with enhanced visible-light-harvesting ability, charge transport capability, and photocatalytic activity. Additionally, BP–UiO demonstrates the promoted redox/acidity properties, significantly improving catalytic activity for the degradation of toluene and o-dichlorobenzene even in the presence of water. The degradation pathways of contaminants are investigated via the study of transient variations by in situ infrared (IR) methods, refined by the static analysis of intermates accumulated on the BP–UiO surface by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The electron transfer via bond construction and the combination of in situ IR and GC–MS are expected to provide a more complete theoretical basis for environmental catalysis.
Abstract In the solar wind turbulence, proton temperature fluctuations are highly intermittent, especially at small scales in the inertial range. This phenomenon may contain information about solar ...wind intermittent heating. However, the physical nature of the temperature intermittency is not yet clear. Based on the measurements from Solar Orbiter between 2020 September and 2022 September, we identify 185 temperature intermittent structures at the scale of 24 s with well-defined minimum variance direction in the fast solar wind and study the nature and kinetic effects of them. According to the variations of proton temperature, the intermittent structures are classified into four types, including temperature bump, step, dip, and chain. When considering the magnetic field configuration together with other plasma properties, we find that, among the bump cases, 46 of them are linear magnetic holes (LMHs) that are mainly related to mirror-mode (MM) instability, and 43 of them are current sheets (CSs) with local temperature enhancement. The step cases are found to be associated with shock-like structures (13 cases) and tangential discontinuities (eight cases) that separate two different parcels of plasma. For the dip cases, 21 of them could be associated with the MM instability, and the rest of the 16 ones may prefer soliton scenario. The 38 chain cases are identified as compressive vortex-like structures and a mixture of LMHs and CSs. These results will help to further understand the intermittent dissipation process in the solar wind turbulence.
Thermal management is crucial to maintain the performance of large battery packs in electric vehicles. To this end, we present herein a shortcut computational method to rapidly estimate the flow and ...temperature profiles in a parallel airflow-cooled large battery pack with wedge-shaped plenums for airflow distribution. The method couples a flow resistance network model with a transient heat transfer model to calculate the temperature distribution in a battery pack as influenced by the airflows within and among battery modules in the pack. The effects of the plate angle of the plenums, the minimal plenum width and the battery unit spacing on the airflow and temperature distributions are presented. Additionally, an example of collective parameter adjustment for acceptable temperature uniformity of a battery pack subjected to total volume constraint is given.
•Shortcut computation for the thermal management of a large battery pack is developed.•The effects of non-uniform airflow on battery temperature uniformity are considered.•A flow resistance network model is built to rapidly estimate the non-uniform airflow.•Structural parameters are analyzed to improve the battery temperature uniformity.
•PM and airborne bacteria were monitored based on respiratory tract deposition.•The quantitative relationship between PM and airborne bacteria was established.•Particles with diameters of 2.1–4.7 μm ...carry the most airborne bacteria in CAFOs.
Bacterial loading aggravates the health and environmental hazards of particulate matter (PM), particularly in concentrated animal feeding operations. Understanding the association between PM and airborne bacteria is conducive to accurately assessing occupational exposure, providing fundamental data for exposure mitigation via engineering solutions, and providing information regarding the physical properties influencing the transmission of airborne microorganisms at emission sources. In this work, we conducted a joint study to systematically determine the concentrations and size distributions of PM and airborne bacteria, and establish the quantitative relationship between PM and airborne bacteria in laying hen houses. The association between PM and airborne bacteria was expressed as the load of airborne bacteria on PM in terms of the identical particle size interval based on the size-resolved respiratory tract deposition. The concentrations and size distributions of PM and airborne bacteria in laying hen houses were affected by the in-house space (upper and lower), chicken activity (day and night), and outside temperature. The size distributions of PM and airborne bacteria indicated that the mass concentration of large particles decreased with increasing outside temperature, while the concentration of airborne bacteria loaded on the small particles increased with increasing outside temperature. The results indicated that particles with diameters ranging from 2.1 to 4.7 μm carried the most airborne bacteria. Therefore, particles with diameters ranging from 2.1 to 4.7 μm should be the focus of future experimental research on occupational exposure, air quality improvement, and the airborne transmission of PM and airborne microorganisms originating from concentrated layer feeding operations.
The discovery of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway arose from investigations of how cells respond to interferons (IFNs), revealing a paradigm in ...cell signaling conserved from slime molds to mammals. These discoveries revealed mechanisms underlying rapid gene expression mediated by a wide variety of extracellular polypeptides including cytokines, interleukins, and related factors. This knowledge has provided numerous insights into human disease, from immune deficiencies to cancer, and was rapidly translated to new drugs for autoimmune, allergic, and infectious diseases, including COVID-19. Despite these advances, major challenges and opportunities remain.
The JAK/STAT pathway regulates multiple cellular processes across organisms. Molecular details of signaling mechanisms have revealed insights into a range of human diseases.
Urban lake sediment plays a very important role in waterbody ecosystems. It is the basis of nutrient cycling and material exchange between microorganisms and lake ecosystems. In this study, Illumina ...high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to detect the structure and species richness of Archaea in anoxic sediments of urban waterbodies (Aohai Lake and Kunming Lake) in Beijing, and the environmental factors (pH level, organic matter, available nitrogen and total nitrogen) affecting the structure and succession of archaeal communities were also investigated. The results showed that there were 13 classified archaeal phyla, and the most frequent archaeal species in the lakes were Bathyarchaeota (MCG), Euryarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Aenigmarchaeota, Hadesarchaea, Lokiarchaeota, and Parvarchaeota. The top ten most abundant genera in the two lakes were significantly associated with at least one environmental factor. The results of this study enrich the understanding of microbial diversity in urban eutrophic lake sediments in northern China.
Galvanic replacement reaction between silver nanowires and an aqueous solution of HAuCl4 has been successfully monitored in real time by using in situ transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) in ...combination with a flow cell reactor. The in situ observations clearly show the morphological evolution of the solid silver nanowires to hollow gold nanotubes in the course of the reaction. Careful analysis of the images reveals that the galvanic replacement reaction on the silver nanowires involves multiple steps: (i) local initiation of pitting process; (ii) anisotropic etching of the silver nanowires and uniform deposition of the resulting gold atoms on the surfaces of the nanowires; and (iii) reconstruction of the nanotube walls via an Ostwald ripening process. The in situ TXM represents a promising approach for studying dynamic processes involved in the growth and chemical transformation of nanomaterials in solutions, in particular for nanostructures with dimensions larger than 50 nm.
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► Compared hydrodeoxygenation studies of model compounds and bio-oil were carried out. ► Bio-oil from catalytic pyrolysis is easier hydrodeoxygenation than from pyrolysis. ► Improved ...catalyst can smoothly process bio-oil with higher oxygen content. ► Synergy between catalytic pyrolysis and bio-oil hydro-processing was found.
Compared hydrodeoxygenation experimental studies of both model compounds and real bio-oil derived from biomass fast pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis was carried out over two different supported Pt catalysts. For the model compounds, the deoxygenation degree of dibenzofuran was higher than that of cresol and guaiacol over both Pt/Al2O3 and the newly developed Pt supported on mesoporous zeolite (Pt/MZ-5) catalyst, and the deoxygenation degree of cresol over Pt/MZ-5 was higher than that over Pt/Al2O3. The results indicated that hydrodeoxygenation become much easier upon oxygen reduction. Similar to model compounds study, the hydrodeoxygenation of the real bio-oil derived from catalytic pyrolysis was much easier than that from fast pyrolysis over both Pt catalysts, and the Pt/MZ-5 again shows much higher deoxygenation ability than Pt/Al2O3. Clearly synergy between catalytic pyrolysis and bio-oil hydro-processing was found in this paper and this finding will lead an advanced biofuel production pathway in the future.
The purpose of this study was to determine perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum, urine, hair and nail from general populations, and to investigate the possibility for human urine, hair ...and nail used as the biomonitoring sample for PFASs exposure. We detected the concentrations of PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoA, PFHxS and PFOS in 39 matched human serum, urine, hair and nail samples from Shenzhen in China. The detection frequency and the median level of PFOS were all higher than that of the other PFASs in four matrices. The median concentration of PFOS in serum, urine, hair, and nail were 9.24ng/mL, 13.96ng/L, 0.58ng/g and 0.63ng/g, respectively. The results of spearman correlation test indicated that nail was an ideal matrix for biomonitoring PFOS rather than human urine and hair in general populations for the non-invasive sampling.
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An increasing number of studies have been conducted to determine a possible linkage between maternal exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and effects on the developing human fetus that can ...lead to adverse birth outcomes, but, the present results are not consistent. A total of 23 studies published before July 2016 were collected and analyzed and the mean value of reported exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ranged from 1.82 to 22.11 We found a significantly increased risk of preterm birth with interquartile range increase in PM2.5 exposure throughout pregnancy (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03; 95% conditional independence (CI): 1.01–1.05). The pooled OR for the association between PM2.5 exposure, per interquartile range increment, and term low birth weight throughout pregnancy was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02–1.03). The pooled ORs for the association between PM2.5 exposure per 10 increment, and term low birth weight and preterm birth were 1.05 (95% CI: 0.98–1.12) and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93–1.12), respectively throughout pregnancy. There is a significant heterogeneity in most meta-analyses, except for pooled OR per interquartile range increase for term low birth weight throughout pregnancy. We here show that maternal exposure to fine particulate air pollution increases the risk of preterm birth and term low birth weight. However, the effect of exposure time needs to be further explored. In the future, prospective cohort studies and personal exposure measurements needs to be more widely utilized to better characterize the relationship between ambient fine particulate exposure and adverse birth outcomes.
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•The results had shorter intervals indicate and smaller heterogeneity by using IQR increment increase as selected standard.•The manuscript included the latest research results and updated the previous systematic review and meta-analysis.
Meta-analysis of preterm birth and term low birth weight of PM2.5
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