(1) Objective: To explore the neurobiological effects of terahertz (THz) radiation on zebrafish larvae using calcium (Ca2+) imaging technology. (2) Methods: Zebrafish larvae at 7 days post ...fertilization (dpf) were exposed to THz radiation for 10 or 20 min; the frequency was 2.52 THz and the amplitude 50 mW/cm2. The behavioral experiments, neural Ca2+ imaging, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of the dopamine-related genes were conducted following the irradiation. (3) Results: Compared with the control group, the behavioral experiments demonstrated that THz radiation significantly increased the distance travelled and speed of zebrafish larvae. In addition, the maximum acceleration and motion frequency were elevated in the 20 min radiation group. The neural Ca2+ imaging results indicated a substantial increase in zebrafish neuronal activity. qPCR experiments revealed a significant upregulation of dopamine-related genes, such as drd2b, drd4a, slc6a3 and th. (4) Conclusion: THz radiation (2.52 THz, 50 mW/cm2, 20 min) upregulated dopamine-related genes and significantly enhanced neuronal excitability, and the neurobiological effect of THz radiation can be visualized using neural Ca2+ imaging in vivo.
A novel fiber sensor for the refractive index sensing of seawater based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer has been demonstrated. The sensor consisted of a single-mode fiber (SMF)–no-core fiber ...(NCF)–single-mode fiber structure (shortened to an SNS structure) with a large lateral offset spliced between the two sections of a multimode fiber (MMF). Optimization studies of the multimode fiber length, offset SNS length, and vertical axial offset distance were performed to improve the coupling efficiency of interference light and achieve the best extinction ratio. In the experiment, a large lateral offset sensor was prepared to detect the refractive index of various ratios of saltwater, which were used to simulate seawater environments. The sensor’s sensitivity was up to −13,703.63 nm/RIU and −13,160 nm/RIU in the refractive index range of 1.3370 to 1.3410 based on the shift of the interference spectrum. Moreover, the sensor showed a good linear response and high stability, with an RSD of only 0.0089% for the trough of the interference in air over 1 h.
The pharmaceutical co-crystal has attracted increasing interest due to the improvement of physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The characterization of pharmaceutical ...co-crystal is an integral part of the pharmaceutical field. In this paper, the low-frequency vibrational properties for carbamazepine co-crystals with nicotinamide and saccharin (CBZ-NIC and CBZ-SAC) have been characterized by combining the THz spectroscopy with low-wavenumber Raman spectroscopy. The experiment results show that, compared with the individual constituents, CBZ-NIC and CBZ-SAC co-crystals not only have different characteristic absorption peaks in the 0.3-2.5 THz region, but also have significant low-wavenumber Raman characteristic peaks in 0-100 cm
. Density functional theory was performed to simulate the terahertz and low-wavenumber Raman spectra of the two co-crystals, where the calculation agreed well with the measured vibrational peak positions. The vibrational modes of CBZ-NIC and CBZ-SAC co-crystals were assigned through comparing theoretical results with the experimental spectra. Meanwhile, the low-frequency infrared and/or Raman active of characteristic peaks for such co-crystals were discussed. The results indicate the combination of THz spectroscopy and low-wavenumber Raman spectroscopy can provide more comprehensive low-frequency vibrational information for pharmaceutical co-crystals, such as collective vibration and skeleton vibration, which could play an important role in pharmaceutical science.
Camouflaged objects are typically assimilated into their surroundings. Consequently, in contrast to generic object detection/segmentation, camouflaged object detection proves to be considerably more ...intricate due to the indistinct boundaries and heightened intrinsic similarities between foreground targets and the surrounding environment. Despite the proposition of numerous algorithms that have demonstrated commendable performance across various scenarios, these approaches may still grapple with blurred boundaries, leading to the inadvertent omission of camouflaged targets in challenging scenes. In this paper, we introduce a multi-stage framework tailored for segmenting camouflaged objects through a process of coarse-to-fine refinement. Specifically, our network encompasses three distinct decoders, each fulfilling a unique role in the model. In the initial decoder, we introduce the Bi-directional Locating Module to excavate foreground and background cues, enhancing target localization. The second decoder focuses on leveraging boundary information to augment overall performance, incorporating the Multi-level Feature Fusion Module to generate prediction maps with finer boundaries. Subsequently, the third decoder introduces the Mask-guided Fusion Module, designed to process high-resolution features under the guidance of the second decoder's results. This approach enables the preservation of structural details and the generation of fine-grained prediction maps. Through the integration of the three decoders, our model effectively identifies and segments camouflaged targets. Extensive experiments are conducted on three commonly used benchmark datasets. The results of these experiments demonstrate that, even without the application of pre-processing or post-processing techniques, our model outperforms 14 state-of-the-art algorithms.
Characterized by light weight and high strength, composites are widely used as protective materials in dynamic impact loading under extreme conditions, such as high strain rates. Therefore, based on ...the excellent tensile properties of continuous fiber and the good flexibility and toughness of the bionic spiral structure, this study uses a multi-material 3D printer to incorporate continuous fiber, and then modifies the G-CODE file to control the printing path to achieve the production of a continuous fiber-reinforced Polylactic Acid composite helicoidal (spiral angle 60°) structure (COF-HP). Dynamic behavior under high-strain-rate impact experiments have been conducted using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Stress-strain curves, impact energy curves and high-speed camera photographs with different strain rates at 680 s-1 and 890 s-1 have been analyzed to explore the dynamic process and illustrate the damage evolution. In addition, some detailed simulation models considering the incorporation of continuous optical fiber (COF) and different strain rates have been established and verified for deeper investigations. The results show that the COF does enhance the impact resistance of the laminates. When the porosity is reduced, the maximum stress of the continuous fiber-reinforced composite material is 4~7% higher than that of the pure PLA material. Our findings here expand the application of COF and provide a new method for designing protective materials, which have broad application prospects in the aerospace and automotive industries.
In this letter, a temperature sensor based on a fiber ring laser with a reflective Sagnac loop is proposed. The reflective Sagnac loop inserted into the fiber ring laser through a download optical ...fiber is used as the filter and sensing head to supply high temperature sensitivity. As the temperature varies, the transmission spectrum of Sagnac loop changes, leading to the shift of emission wavelength of a fiber ring laser. We obtain a temperature sensor system with a high temperature sensitivity of 1.739 nm/°C, a narrow 3-dB bandwidth less than 0.05 nm, and a high signal-to-noise ratio ~50 dB. Moreover, it is convenient to achieve the remote sensing by changing the length of the download optical fiber.
Objective
Detecting plasma tau biomarkers used to be impossible due to their low concentrations in blood samples. Currently, new high-sensitivity assays made it a reality. We performed a systematic ...review and meta-analysis in order to test the accuracy of plasma tau protein in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Methods
We searched PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and Web of Science databases, and conducted correlation subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis using R Programming Language.
Results
A total of 56 studies were included. Blood t-tau and p-tau levels increased from controls to MCI to AD patients, and showed significant changes in pairwise comparisons of AD, MCI and normal cognition. P-tau217 was more sensitive than p-tau181 and p-tau231 in different cognition periods. In addition, ultrasensitive analytical platforms, immunomagnetic reduction (IMR), increased the diagnostic value of tau proteins, especially the diagnostic value of t-tau.
Conclusion
Both t-tau and p-tau are suitable AD blood biomarkers, and p-tau217 is more sensitive than other tau biomarkers to differentiate MCI and AD. Detection techniques also have an impact on biomarkers' results. New ultrasensitive analytical platforms of IMR increase the diagnostic value of both t-tau and p-tau biomarkers.
Systematic review registration
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/
, registration number: CRD42021264701.
SnRK1 protein kinase plays hub roles in plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism. However, the function of SnRK1 in legume nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation is still elusive. In this study, we ...identified GmNodH, a putative sulfotransferase, as an interacting protein of GmSnRK1 by yeast two-hybrid screen. The qRT-PCR assays indicate that
gene is highly expressed in soybean roots and could be induced by rhizobial infection and nitrate stress. Fluorescence microscopic analyses showed that GmNodH was colocalized with GsSnRK1 on plasma membrane. The physical interaction between GmNodH and GmSnRK1 was further verified by using split-luciferase complementary assay and pull-down approaches. In vitro phosphorylation assay showed that GmSnRK1 could phosphorylate GmNodH at Ser193. To dissect the function and genetic relationship of GmSnRK1 and GmNodH in soybean, we co-expressed the wild-type and mutated
and
genes in soybean hairy roots and found that co-expression of
/
genes significantly promoted soybean nodulation rates and the expression levels of nodulation-related
and
genes. Taken together, this study provides the first biological evidence that GmSnRK1 may interact with and phosphorylate GmNodH to synergistically regulate soybean nodulation.
A humidity sensor based on Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) and intracavity sensing of a fiber ring laser is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A compact humidity-sensitive fiber-optic FPI is ...developed and inserted in a fiber ring laser. Because the output power of the fiber laser is modulated by the reflection loss of the FPI at different ambient humidity, intracavity humidity sensing is induced. The experiment shows that the relative output power of the fiber laser has a good linear response to ambient humidity from 25%RH to 95%RH and the humidity sensitivity of 0.202 dB/%RH is obtained with a narrow 3-dB bandwidth and high signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, the excellent performance of the sensor for remote humidity detection is demonstrated. The sensor also shows a low temperature cross-sensitivity, fast time response, and good stability. The proposed sensor has a great potential in high-capacity sensor network and remote detections.
Several blood-based biomarkers are promising to be used in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) including Aβ42/40, p-tau181, and neurofilament light (NfL). The kidney is associated with the ...clearance of proteins. It is crucial to evaluate the effect of renal function on the diagnostic performance of these biomarkers before clinical implementation, which is important for the establishment of reference ranges and the interpretation of results.
This study is a cross-sectional analysis based on ADNI cohort. Renal function was determined by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Plasma Aβ42/40 was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Plasma p-tau181 and NfL were analyzed by Single Molecule array (Simoa) technique. 18F florbetapir-PET (Aβ-PET) was used as a reference standard to estimate the brain amyloid load. The cutoff of Aβ-PET positivity was defined as ≥1.11. Linear regression models were used to investigate the associations of continuous eGFR with each plasma biomarker separately. The diagnostic accuracies of plasma biomarkers for positive brain amyloid across different renal function groups were analyzed by Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Youden-Index was used to determine the cutoff levels.
A total of 645 participants were included in this study. The levels and diagnostic performance of Aβ42/40 were not affected by renal function. eGFR was only found negatively associated with p-tau181 levels in Aβ-PET negetive sample (
= -0.09,
= 0.039). eGFR was found negatively associated with NfL levels both in whole sample and Aβ-PET stratified groups (
= -0.27,
< 0.001 in whole sample;
= -0.28,
= 0.004 in A
;
= -0.27,
< 0.001 in A
). The diagnostic accuracies of p-tau181 and NfL were not affected by renal function. But the cutoff values of p-tau181 and NfL changed in participants with mild to moderate eGFR decline compared to participants with normal eGFR.
Plasma Aβ42/40 was a robust biomarker for AD which was not affected by renal function. Plasma p-tau181 and NfL levels were affected by renal function, specific reference values of them should be considered in populations with different renal function stages.
