Over the past few years, non‐fullerene organic solar cells have been a focus of research and their power conversion efficiencies have been improved dramatically from about 6 % to over 14 %. In ...addition to innovations in non‐fullerene acceptors, the ongoing development of polymer donors has contributed significantly to the rapid progress of non‐fullerene organic solar cell performance. This Minireview highlights the polymer donors that enable high‐performance non‐fullerene organic solar cells. We show the impressive photovoltaic devices results achieved by some of important classes of conjugated polymer systems in non‐fullerene organic solar cells. We discuss the molecular design strategies as far as developing matching polymer donors for non‐fullerene acceptors. We conclude with a brief summary and outlook for advances in donor polymers required for commercialization.
Polymer power: Polymer donors have shown remarkable photovoltaic performance in non‐fullerene organic solar cells (OSCs). The molecular design strategies are analyzed in terms of developing suitable polymer donors for non‐fullerene acceptors to further improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of non‐fullerene organic solar cells.
The recycling of livestock manure in cropping systems is considered to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. However, there have been no systematic long-term studies of the effects of manure ...application on soil and crop macro- and micro-nutrients, heavy metals, and crop yields in China, despite their great importance for sustainable crop production and food safety. Thus, we conducted field experiments in a typical cereal crop production area of the North China Plain to investigate the effects of compost manure application rates on wheat yield, as well as on the macro-/micro-nutrients and heavy metals contents of soil and wheat. We found that compost application increased the soil total N and the available K, Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations, whereas the available P in soil was not affected, and the available Cu decreased. In general, compost application had no significant effects on the grain yield, biomass, and harvest index of winter wheat. However, during 2012 and 2013, the N concentration decreased by 9% and 18% in straw, and by 16% and 12% in grain, respectively. With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012 but the grain P generally increased, while the straw K concentration tended to decrease and the grain K concentration increased in 2013. Compost application generally increased the Fe and Zn concentrations in straw and grain, whereas the Cu and Mn concentrations decreased significantly compared with the control. The heavy metal concentrations increased at some compost application rates, but they were still within the safe range. The balances of the macro-and micro-nutrients indicated that the removal of nutrients by wheat was compensated for by the addition of compost, whereas the level of N decreased without the application of compost. The daily intake levels of micronutrients via the consumption of wheat grain were still lower than the recommended levels when sheep manure compost was applied, except for that of Mn.
The spectrums of one type of object under different conditions have the same features (up, down, protruding, concave) at the same spectral positions, which can be used as primary parameters to ...evaluate the difference among remotely sensed pixels. The wavelet-feature correlation ratio Markov clustering algorithm (WFCRMCA) for remotely sensed data is proposed based on an accurate description of abrupt spectral features and an optimized Markov clustering in the wavelet feather space. The peak points can be captured and identified by applying a wavelet transform to spectral data. The correlation ratio between two samples is a statistical calculation of the matched peak point positions on the wavelet feature within an adjustable spectrum domain or a range of wavelet scales. The evenly sampled data can be used to create class centers, depending on the correlation ratio threshold at each Markov step, accelerating the clustering speed by avoiding the computation of Euclidean distance for traditional clustering algorithms, such as K-means and ISODATA. Markov clustering applies several strategies, such as a simulated annealing method and gradually shrinking the clustering size, to control the clustering convergence. It can quickly obtain the best class centers at each clustering temperature. The experimental results of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and Thermal Mapping (TM) data have verified its acceptable clustering accuracy and high convergence velocity.
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Different types of photolytic and photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were used for treatment of refinery effluents from bitumen production. The treatment efficiency ...was evaluated by analyzing chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sulfide ions concentration. The studies revealed a synergistic effect of application of external oxidants (O3, H2O2, O3/H2O2) with TiO2 and UV applied for improved COD and BOD5 reduction as well as the degradation of the VOCs present in the effluents. Among studied processes a photocatalytic process combined with peroxone (TiO2/UV/O3/H2O2) was the optimal and the most economical technology. It allows to reduce 38 and 32% of COD and BOD5 respectively and degrade 84% of total VOCs in 280 min of treatment. At this conditions the reduced COD exceeds over 30% a theoretical value based on the dose of oxidants, which proves the importance of photocatalysis in the developed technology. The sulfide ions were completely depleted in all experiments in the first 30 min of treatment. The addition of TiO2 in the AOPs technology revealed a decrease in the process cost using less amount of chemicals achieving similar treatment efficiency when comparing with photolytic and non-catalytic technologies. The application of these technologies can be conducted in two alternative scenarios; whether to deplete the sulfides ions concentration or to maximize the treatment efficiency. In both options, the technologies studied are promising as a pre-treatment before other types of AOPs effective at neutral/acidic pH values or before a biological treatment stage. Further studies should be developed, by scaling up the process to a pilot scale in a real case scenario to check the possibility of its implementation in the industrial practice.
This paper examines the symbiotic but asymmetric relationship between the United States as the core and China as the semi-periphery. It argues that China’s policy response in both domestic and ...international domains after the global financial crisis reveals that China as a rising power is no longer a rule-taker, but between a rule-maker and a rule-breaker that adds incremental reforms to current international institutions.
► A dual effect of Cl
− on Acid Orange 7 degradation in Co/PMS systems was observed. ► High concentrations of Cl
− (>5
mM) did greatly inhibit dye mineralization. ► Some refractory chlorinated ...byproducts were identified by GC–MS measurement. ► Two possible (
SO
4
−
radical-based and non-radical) reaction pathways were proposed.
Sodium chloride is a common salt used during textile wet processes. Here a dual effect of chloride (i.e. inhibitory and accelerating effect) on azo dye (Acid Orange 7, AO7) degradation in an emerging cobalt/peroxymonosulfate (Co/PMS) advanced oxidation process (AOP) was reported. Compared to
OH-based AOPs, high concentrations of chloride (>5
mM) can significantly enhance dye decoloration independent of the presence of the Co
2+ catalyst, but did greatly inhibit dye mineralization to an extent which was closely dependent upon the chloride content. Both UV–vis absorbance spectra and AOX determination indicated the formation of some refractory byproducts. Some chlorinated aromatic compounds, including 3-chloroisocoumain, 2-chloro-7-hydroxynaphthalene, 1,3,5-trichloro-2-nitrobenzene and tetrachlorohydroquione, were identified by GC–MS measurement in both Co/PMS/Cl
− and PMS/Cl
− reaction systems. Based on those experimental results, two possible branched (
SO
4
−
radical-based and non-radical) reaction pathways are proposed. This is one of the very few studies dealing with chlorinated organic intermediates formed via chlorine radical/active chlorine species (HOCl/Cl
2) attack on dye compounds. Therefore, this finding may have significant technical implications for utilizing Co/PMS regent to detoxify chloride-rich azo dyes wastewater.
Sulfate radical AOPs (SR-AOP) were successfully utilized in degradation of antibiotics in water and wastewater treatment. The review discusses details on SR-AOPs mechanisms and applications for ...antibiotics degradation. The progress in this field was discussed, highlighting the most promising developments and remaining challenges. The applicability of SR-AOPs was summarized revealing the most susceptible and persistent to oxidation groups of pharmaceuticals. Highest effectiveness was reported for degradation of pharmaceuticals on ppb level. Systems revealed a scavenging effect in case of oxidant dose 0.7 mM of the PS and 2 mM of PMS. Future development demands simple persulfates activation systems for real matrix treatment.
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•UV, cavitation, heat, and catalytic activated persulfates to radical species.•Pharmaceuticals degradation mechanism via sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals.•Persistency of Enrofloxacin, Fluconazole, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin for SR-AOPs.•Chloramphenicol, Sulfamethazine, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline effective degradation.•Sulfamonomethoxine, Ciprofloxacin and Sulfamethoxazole were effectively degraded.
The electrochemical performance of sodium-ion battery was improved by using functionalized interconnected N-doped carbon nanofibers (FN-CNFs) as the anode. The material was synthesized with ...polypyrrole as precursor by a simple method. The FN-CNF electrode exhibits excellent rate capability and cycling stability, delivering a capacity of 134.2mAhg−1 at a high current density of 200mAg−1 after 200 cycles and retains a capacity of 73mAhg−1 even at an extremely high current density of 20Ag−1. The superior performance can be attributed to N-doped sites and functionalized groups, which are capable of capturing sodium ions rapidly and reversibly through surface adsorption and surface redox reactions.
Spatially resolved transcriptomic technologies are promising tools to study complex biological processes such as mammalian embryogenesis. However, the imbalance between resolution, gene capture, and ...field of view of current methodologies precludes their systematic application to analyze relatively large and three-dimensional mid- and late-gestation embryos. Here, we combined DNA nanoball (DNB)-patterned arrays and in situ RNA capture to create spatial enhanced resolution omics-sequencing (Stereo-seq). We applied Stereo-seq to generate the mouse organogenesis spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas (MOSTA), which maps with single-cell resolution and high sensitivity the kinetics and directionality of transcriptional variation during mouse organogenesis. We used this information to gain insight into the molecular basis of spatial cell heterogeneity and cell fate specification in developing tissues such as the dorsal midbrain. Our panoramic atlas will facilitate in-depth investigation of longstanding questions concerning normal and abnormal mammalian development.
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•Stereo-seq enables large field-of-view spatial transcriptomics at cellular resolution•Stereo-seq reveals the spatial cell-type heterogeneity of mouse embryonic tissues•Stereo-seq maps the spatiotemporal transcriptomic dynamics during mouse organogenesis•Stereo-seq defines the spatiotemporal window of developmental disease vulnerability
Stereo-seq combines DNA nanoball-patterned arrays and tissue RNA capture to achieve large field-of-view spatial transcriptomics at cellular resolution, enabling the dissection of spatial cell-type heterogeneity of mouse embryonic tissues.
The synthesis and characterization of new thermoresponsive pegylated poly-l-glutamate (poly-l-EG x Glu) are described. The obtained polypeptides display low critical solution temperature (LCST) ...behaviors in water, and the LCST can be tuned via copolymerization of different amino acid monomers at varied molar ratio. This is the first example of thermoresponsive polypeptide made from ring-opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs). Circular dichroism characterizations reveal that the secondary structure of poly-l-EG x Glu depended on the chain length of the side chain.
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