Deep neural networks have demonstrated their effectiveness in most machine learning tasks, with intrusion detection included. Unfortunately, recent research found that deep neural networks are ...vulnerable to adversarial examples in the image classification domain, i.e., they leave some opportunities for an attacker to fool the networks into misclassification by introducing imperceptible changes to the original pixels in an image. The vulnerability raises some concerns in applying deep neural networks in security-critical areas, such as intrusion detection. In this paper, we investigate the performances of the state-of-the-art attack algorithms against deep learning-based intrusion detection on the NSL-KDD data set. The vulnerabilities of neural networks employed by the intrusion detection systems are experimentally validated. The roles of individual features in generating adversarial examples are explored. Based on our findings, the feasibility and applicability of the attack methodologies are discussed.
The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical data, discharge rate, and fatality rate of COVID‐19 patients for clinical help. The clinical data of COVID‐19 patients from December 2019 to February ...2020 were retrieved from four databases. We statistically analyzed the clinical symptoms and laboratory results of COVID‐19 patients and explained the discharge rate and fatality rate with a single‐arm meta‐analysis. The available data of 1994 patients in 10 literatures were included in our study. The main clinical symptoms of COVID‐19 patients were fever (88.5%), cough (68.6%), myalgia or fatigue (35.8%), expectoration (28.2%), and dyspnea (21.9%). Minor symptoms include headache or dizziness (12.1%), diarrhea (4.8%), nausea and vomiting (3.9%). The results of the laboratory showed that the lymphocytopenia (64.5%), increase of C‐reactive protein (44.3%), increase of lactic dehydrogenase (28.3%), and leukocytopenia (29.4%) were more common. The results of single‐arm meta‐analysis showed that the male took a larger percentage in the gender distribution of COVID‐19 patients 60% (95% CI 0.54, 0.65), the discharge rate of COVID‐19 patients was 52% (95% CI 0.34,0.70), and the fatality rate was 5% (95% CI 0.01,0.11).
Research Highlights
Our study explored the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID‐19 patients, and proposed the need to focus on other systemic symptoms such as the gastrointestinal tract firstly, which could be of use for clinical work.
Rather than just focusing on the catalyst itself in the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR), as previously reviewed elsewhere, we herein extend the discussion to the special topic of the ...microenvironment around the electrocatalytic center and present a comprehensive overview of recent research progress. We categorize the microenvironment based on the components relevant to electrocatalytic active sites, i.e., the catalyst surface, substrate, co‐reactants, electrolyte, membrane, and reactor. Supported by most of the reported articles, the relevant factors affecting the catalytic performance of eCO2RR are then discussed in detail, and existing challenges and potential solutions are mentioned. Perspectives for the future research on eCO2RR, including the integration of different microenvironment factors, the extension to industrial application by coupling with carbon capture and conversion, and separation of products, are also discussed.
This Review summarizes the impact of the microenvironment, including the catalyst surface, substrate, co‐reactants, electrolyte, membrane, and reactor, on the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Different microenvironmental factors are discussed in the context of industrial applications, including coupling of CO2RR to carbon capture and conversion.
A new method for discussing the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth is proposed using grey systems theory. GDP and CO2 emissions per capita are separately regarded as the input to, ...and output of, a grey system to establish a non-equigap grey Verhulst model (NE grey Verhulst model). To avoid the errors resulting from substituting a difference equation for a differential equation in grey modelling theory, the derived non-equigap grey Verhulst model (DNE grey Verhulst model) is deduced. Moreover, the structural parameters of the model are optimised using a particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm in an attempt to further improve modelling accuracy. Based on data relating to CO2 emissions and GDP per capita in China from 1990 to 2014, empirical research is conducted which shows that the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth exhibits an inverted U-shape and the emissions are in a rapid growth stage on the left of the curve. It is predicted that CO2 emissions per capita will continue to rise from 2016 to 2020 and will not reach their peak before 2030, so the Chinese government should take effective measures to reduce carbon emissions.
•A new method for discussing the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth is proposed.•The structural parameters of the new model are optimised by PSO algorithm.•The Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in China, the largest developing country in the world, is verified.•Policy suggestions are proposed in terms of emission reduction of greenhouse gases.
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe end‐stage kidney disease developed from diabetes mellitus. The involvement of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in modulating DN pathogenesis has been implied, but ...underlying mechanism is still lacking. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of circ_0080425 correlated with the DN progression, and exerted positive effect on cell proliferation and fibrosis in mesangial cells. Further assessment suggested that circ_0080425 function as sponge harboring miR‐24‐3p. Moreover, miR‐24‐3p negatively correlated with the DN progression, and showed an antagonistic effect to circ_0080425on regulating MCs cell proliferation and fibrosis. Bioinformatics analysis predicted fibroblast growth factor 11 (FGF11) acting as direct downstream target of miR‐24‐3p. Indeed, the expression of FGF11 was significantly activated by circ_0080425 while suppressed by miR‐24‐3p. Knockdown of FGF11 resulted in a significant reduced cell proliferation rate and fibrosis. In addition, miR‐24‐3p inhibitor rescued the suppression of si‐circ_0080425 on FGF11, suggesting that circ_0080425 competitive binding to miR‐24‐3p could release FGF11 from miR‐24‐3p suppression, which subsequently promoted DN progression.In conclusion, we have reported a novel circ_0080425‐miR‐24‐3p‐FGF11 axis, and explored the underlying mechanism in regulating DN pathogenesis.
The expression of circ_0080425 correlated with the diabetic nephropathy (DN) progression, and exerted positive effect on cell proliferation and fibrosis in mesangial cells. Circ_0080425 competitive binding to miR‐24‐3p could release FGF11 from miR‐24‐3p suppression, which subsequently promoted DN progression. In conclusion, we have reported a novel circ_0080425‐miR‐24‐3p‐FGF11 axis.
ASFV is a large DNA virus that is highly pathogenic in domestic pigs. How this virus is sensed by the innate immune system as well as why it is so virulent remains enigmatic. In this study, we show ...that the ASFV genome contains AT-rich regions that are recognized by the DNA-directed RNA polymerase III (Pol-III), leading to viral RNA sensor RIG-I-mediated innate immune responses. We further show that ASFV protein I267L inhibits RNA Pol-III-RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral responses. I267L interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Riplet, disrupts Riplet-RIG-I interaction and impairs Riplet-mediated K63-polyubiquitination and activation of RIG-I. I267L-deficient ASFV induces higher levels of interferon-β, and displays compromised replication both in primary macrophages and pigs compared with wild-type ASFV. Furthermore, I267L-deficiency attenuates the virulence and pathogenesis of ASFV in pigs. These findings suggest that ASFV I267L is an important virulence factor by impairing innate immune responses mediated by the RNA Pol-III-RIG-I axis.
Based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach and vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality approach, this paper explores the relationships among per capita ...carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, gross domestic product (GDP), renewable, non-renewable energy production and foreign trade for China covering the period 1980–2014. One finding is that there is a long-run relationship among those variables. Another important finding is that China does not have the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) of CO2 emissions under the influence of economic growth, non-renewable energy production and foreign trade. However, after the addition of renewable energy production variable, it is found that the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis is supported in the long-run. Our long-run estimates show that increasing non-renewable energy and GDP increases CO2 emission, whereas renewable energy and foreign trade have a negatively impact on CO2 emissions. The short-run Granger causality tests show that there are bidirectional causalities running from foreign trade, CO2 emission and non-renewable energy to renewable energy. Furthermore, the finding indicates that renewable energy consumption is a key solution in reducing CO2 emissions over time. Finally on the basis of this study, we put forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions on China's carbon emission reduction strategy.
•Examine the relationships among CO2 emissions, renewable energy and trade.•It is found that the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis is supported.•Renewable energy and trade have a negative impact on CO2 emissions in the long-run.•There is bidirectional causality running from CO2 emission to renewable energy.
Recent reports of radical formation within frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) suggested that single‐electron transfer (SET) could play an important role in their chemistry especially for C−C coupling. In ...sharp contrast, our extensive dispersion‐corrected DFT calculations show that although reactive benzhydryl radical along with phosphine radical cation species can be kinetically generated from bulky phosphines and benzhydryl cation, direct P−C hetero‐coupling may lead to bulky phosphonium cation as reactive carbocation transfer reagents to styrene substrates, which is kinetically much more favorable than the recently proposed radical C−C coupling between benzhydryl radical and styrene. Similarly, meta‐stable radical cation Mes3P+⋅ salt is also kinetically accessible via SET reactions of Mes3P and B(C6F5)3 with 0.5 equivalent of p‐O2C6Cl4.
Extensive DFT calculations show that both radical HCAr2⋅ and carbocation HCAr2+ are thermally accessible from the bulky phosphonium Mes3P−CHAr2+, which are further kinetically favored by HCAr2⋅ radical self‐dimerization and by nucleophilic alkene trapping, respectively.
Recently, it was shown that the double Ca−H−Ca bridged calcium hydride cation dimer complex LCaH2CaL2+ (macrocyclic ligand L=NNNN‐tetradentate Me4TACD) exhibited remarkable activity in catalyzing the ...hydrogenation of unactivated 1‐alkenes as well as the H2 isotope exchange under mild conditions, tentatively via the terminal Ca−H bond of cation monomer LCaH+. In this DFT mechanistic work, a novel substrate‐dependent catalytic mechanism is disclosed involving cooperative Ca−H−Ca bridges for H2 isotope exchange, competitive Ca−H−Ca bridges and terminal Ca−H bonds for anti‐Markovnikov addition of unactivated 1‐alkenes, and terminal Ca−H bonds for Markovnikov addition of conjugation‐activated styrene. THF‐coordination plays a key role in favoring the anti‐Markovnikov addition while strong cation‐π interactions direct the Markovnikov addition to terminal Ca−H bonds.
Calcium hydride cation dimer catalysis: Dispersion‐corrected DFT calculations reveal that the same double Ca−H−Ca bridged calcium hydride cation dimer catalyst LCaH2CaL2+⋅THF shows a novel substrate‐dependent catalytic activity, involving cooperative Ca−H−Ca bridges for efficient H2 isotope exchange, terminal Ca−H bond for the Markovnikov addition of conjugation‐activated styrene, and competitive Ca−H−Ca bridges and terminal Ca−H bonds for the anti‐Markovnikov addition of unactivated 1‐alkenes.
Atomically ordered intermetallic nanoparticles are promising for catalytic applications but are difficult to produce because the high-temperature annealing required for atom ordering inevitably ...accelerates metal sintering that leads to larger crystallites. We prepared platinum intermetallics with an average particle size of <5 nanometers on porous sulfur-doped carbon supports, on which the strong interaction between platinum and sulfur suppresses metal sintering up to 1000°C. We synthesized intermetallic libraries of small nanoparticles consisting of 46 combinations of platinum with 16 other metal elements and used them to study the dependence of electrocatalytic oxygen-reduction reaction activity on alloy composition and platinum skin strain. The intermetallic libraries are highly mass efficient in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells and could achieve high activities of 1.3 to 1.8 amperes per milligram of platinum at 0.9 volts.
PDF
