Calmodulin-binding transcription activator (CAMTA) is a transcription factor family containing calmodulin (CaM) binding sites and is involved in plant development. Although CAMTAs in Arabidopsis have ...been extensively investigated, the functions of CAMTAs remain largely unclear in peaches. In this study, we identified five peach CAMTAs which contained conserved CG-1 box, ANK repeats, CaM binding domain (CaMBD) and IQ motifs. Overexpression in tobacco showed that PpCAMTA1/2/3 were located in the nucleus, while PpCAMTA4 and PpCAMTA5 were located in the plasma membrane. Increased expression levels were observed for PpCAMTA1 and PpCAMTA3 during peach fruit ripening. Expression of PpCAMTA1 was induced by cold treatment and was inhibited by ultraviolet B irradiation (UV-B). Driven by AtCAMTA3 promoter, PpCAMTA1/2/3 were overexpressed in Arabidopsis mutant. Here, we characterized peach PpCAMTA1, representing an ortholog of AtCAMTA3. PpCAMTA1 expression in Arabidopsis complements the developmental deficiencies of the camta2,3 mutant, and restored the plant size to the wild type level. Moreover, overexpressing PpCAMTA1 in camta2,3 mutant inhibited salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and expression of SA-related genes, resulting in a susceptibility phenotype to Pst DC3000. Taken together, our results provide new insights for CAMTAs in peach fruit and indicate that PpCAMTA1 is associated with response to stresses during development.
We report a case of Babesia microti infection in an immunocompetent child <5 years of age that caused fever and severe intravascular hemolysis. Physicians in China should be aware of babesiosis, ...especially in the differential diagnosis of immune hemolytic anemia with negative results for antiglobulin tests.
Black fungus is the second-most consumed edible fungus in China. The establishment of a risk assessment mechanism for heavy metals in black fungus is particularly critical to the safety of edible ...fungi. To clarify a risk assessment mechanism of heavy metal pollution of edible fungi in northeast China, in this study, the contents of Pb, Cr, CD and As in 415 samples were determined, and a total of 1660 valid data were obtained. Then, based on Monte Carlo simulation, a non-parametric probability assessment system for heavy metals in black fungus was established and improved. The results showed that the residual amounts of As, Pb, Cd and Cr in black fungus were in the order of Cr > Pb > As > Cd. The background content of four heavy metals in the main raw materials was preliminarily clarified. Among them, the content of As is between 0.010–0.320 mg·kg−1, Pb is between 0.051–0.792 mg·kg−1, Cd is between 0.019–0.236 mg·kg−1, and Cr is between 0.06–3.41 mg·kg−1. These results indicate that the dietary exposure risk of heavy metals ingested by dried black fungus in Chinese minors and adults is basically safe, but at the high exposure levels of 97.5% sites and 99% sites, Cr is at the light pollution level, and the comprehensive pollution of four heavy metals is at the moderate pollution level. In addition, this study found that raw materials can cause heavy metal accumulation in black fungus, mainly from sawdust, followed by rice bran and wheat bran.
The evolutionarily conserved Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) plays a vital role in epigenetic gene repression by depositing tri-methylation on lysine residue K27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) at the ...target loci, thus participating in diverse biological processes. However, few reports about PRC2 are available in plant species with large and complicated genomes, like cotton.
Here, we performed a genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of cotton PRC2 core components, especially in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Firstly, a total of 8 and 16 PRC2 core components were identified in diploid and tetraploid cotton species, respectively. These components were classified into four groups, E(z), Su(z)12, ESC and p55, and the members in the same group displayed good collinearity, similar gene structure and domain organization. Next, we cloned G. hirsutum PRC2 (GhPRC2) core components, and found that most of GhPRC2 proteins were localized in the nucleus, and interacted with each other to form multi-subunit complexes. Moreover, we analyzed the expression profile of GhPRC2 genes. The transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays indicated that GhPRC2 genes were ubiquitously but differentially expressed in various tissues, with high expression levels in reproductive organs like petals, stamens and pistils. And the expressions of several GhPRC2 genes, especially E(z) group genes, were responsive to various abiotic and biotic stresses, including drought, salinity, extreme temperature, and Verticillium dahliae (Vd) infection.
We identified PRC2 core components in upland cotton, and systematically investigated their classifications, phylogenetic and synteny relationships, gene structures, domain organizations, subcellular localizations, protein interactions, tissue-specific and stresses-responsive expression patterns. Our results will provide insights into the evolution and composition of cotton PRC2, and lay the foundation for further investigation of their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms.
Cotton (
L.) is one of the most important cash crops worldwide. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an excellent breeding system for exploitation of heterosis, which has great potential to increase ...crop yields. To understand the molecular mechanism of CMS in cotton, we compared transcriptome, cytomorphological, physiological and bioinformatics data between the CMS line C2P5A and its maintainer line C2P5B. By using high-throughput sequencing technology, 178,166 transcripts were assembled and 2013 differentially expression genes (DEGs) were identified at three different stages of C2P5A anther development. In this study, we identified DEGs associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxisomes, aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), cytochrome oxidase subunit VI, and cytochrome P450, and DEGs associated with tapetum development, Jojoba acyl-CoA reductase-related male sterility protein, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and MYB transcription factors. The abnormal expression of one of these genes may be responsible for the CMS C2P5A line. In gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, DEGs were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, transport and catabolism, and signal transduction. Carbohydrate metabolism provides energy for anther development, starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. These results showed that numerous genes and multiple complex metabolic pathways regulate cotton anther development. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that three modules, 'turquoise,' 'blue,' and 'green,' were specific for the CMS C2P5A line. The 'turquoise' and 'blue' modules were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, peroxisomes, pyruvate metabolism as well as fatty acid degradation. The 'green' module was mainly related to energy metabolism, carbon metabolism, translation, and lipid metabolism. RNA-sequencing and WGCNA polymerization modules were screened for key genes and pathways related to CMS in cotton. This study presents a new perspective for further research into the metabolic pathways of pollen abortion in the CMS C2P5A line and also provides a theoretical basis for its breeding and production.
Processing oils are indispensable in the rubber industry. Conventional oils just physically exist in compounds and migrate out of samples over time, which deteriorates the properties of materials and ...pollutes the environment. In this study, liquid 3,4-polyisoprene (L3,4-IR) has been synthesized, and it can co-cure with matrix to mitigate migration problems. Furthermore, L3,4-IR gives compounds lower Mooney viscosity, reduced Payne effect, and better filler dispersion than conventional treated distillate aromatic extracted (TDAE) oils. Vulcanizates with the high tan δ value at 0 °C and the decreased tan δ value at 60 °C were also obtained using L3,4-IR instead of TDAE oil and commercial liquid polyisoprene or polybutadiene, indicating the better wet-grip and lower rolling resistance properties. Compounds containing L3,4-IR also exhibit higher thermal stabilities and better abrasion resistance than sample containing TDAE oils after thermal aging. The excellent properties obtained in this work make L3,4-IR a strong candidate for developing the next generation of green tires with high performance.
•The glass transition temperature of liquid 3,4-polyisoprene (L3,4-IR) is much higher than regular commercial liquid rubbers.•L3,4-IR acts as a reactive processing oil to improve the processibility of compounds and mitigate migration problems.•L3,4-IR can reduce the Payne effect and give better filler dispersion.•The higher tan δ value at 0 °C and lower tan δ value at 60 °C of the compound are achieved using L3,4-IR.•Vulcanizates containing L3,4-IR show better thermal stabilities.
Understanding the light adaptation of plants is critical for conservation.
, an endangered deciduous shrub endemic to East Asia, possesses high ornamental and phylogeographic value. However, the weak ...environmental adaptability of
species has limited its general growth and conservation. To obtain a deeper understanding of the
growth conditions, we examined the leaf morphology and physiology via anatomical and chloroplast ultrastructural analyses following exposure to different natural light intensities (full light, 40%, and 10%). The findings indicated that
seedings in the 10% light intensity had significantly improved leaf morphological characteristics and specific leaf area compared to those exposed to other intensities. The net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency (PPUE) exhibited marked increases at a 10% light intensity compared to both 40% light and full light intensities, whereas the light compensation point and dark respiration levels reached their lowest values under the 10% light condition. With reduced light, leaf thickness, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and stomatal density significantly decreased, whereas the stomatal length, stomatal width, and stomatal aperture were significantly elevated. When exposed to 10% light intensity, the ultrastructure of chloroplasts was well developed, chloroplasts and starch grain size, the number of grana, and thylakoids all increased significantly, while the number of plastoglobules was significantly reduced. Relative distance phenotypic plasticity index analysis exhibited that
adapts to varying light environments predominantly by adjusting PPUE, Chl b, PNUE, chloroplast area, and the activity of PSII reaction centers. We proposed that
efficiently utilizes low light to reconfigure its energy metabolism by regulating its leaf structure, photosynthetic capacity, nutrient use efficiency, and chloroplast development.
Solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology has been identified as a promising method to relieve the global water crisis, and it is particularly important to design an ideal structure of the ...solar thermal conversion evaporation device. In this paper, hydrophilic polyphenylene sulfide (HPPS) paper with loose structure and appropriate water transmission performance was designed as the based-material, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) layer with excellent photothermal conversion performance was constructed to realize the high-efficiency solar-driven evaporation. Under tail swabbing mode, the cold evaporation surface on the back of the evaporator greatly improved the evaporation rate, cut off the heat transfer channel to bulk water, and achieved the maximum evaporation rate of 1.23 L/m
·h. Ethyl cellulose (EC) was introduced to adjust the water supply performance of HPPS layer, and a large specific surface area of cold evaporation was obtained, thus improving the water evaporation rate. In the simulation experiment of seawater desalination and dye wastewater treatment, it showed good water purification capacity and acid/alkali-resistance, which had great practical application significance.
(
) infects roots and colonizes the vascular vessels of host plants, significantly reducing the economic yield of cotton and other crops. In this study, the protein VdTHI20, which is involved in the ...thiamine biosynthesis pathway, was characterized by knocking out the corresponding
gene in V. dahliae via
-mediated transformation (ATMT). The deletion of VdTHI20 resulted in several phenotypic defects in vegetative growth and conidiation and in impaired virulence in tobacco seedlings. We show that VdTHI20 increases the tolerance of V. dahliae to UV damage. The impaired vegetative growth of ΔVdTHI20 mutant strains was restored by complementation with a functional copy of the VdTHI20 gene or by supplementation with additional thiamine. Furthermore, the root infection and colonization of the ΔVdTHI20 mutant strains were suppressed, as indicated by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelling under microscope observation. When the RNAi constructs of VdTHI20 were used to transform Nicotiana benthamiana, the transgenic lines expressing dsVdTHI20 showed elevated resistance to V. dahliae. Together, these results suggest that VdTHI20 plays a significant role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. In addition, the pathogenesis-related gene VdTHI20 exhibits potential for controlling V. dahliae in important crops.
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