Objectives This study examined changes in practice and analyzed risk factors for adverse early outcomes after Fontan surgery through use of a binational, population-based registry. Methods ...Demographic, preoperative, and perioperative data were collected from all participating institutions of the Australia and New Zealand Fontan Registry. Patient and operative characteristics were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression for impact on early mortality, early Fontan failure (death, takedown, or mechanical support), effusions (prolonging hospital stay >30 days or requiring surgical reintervention), and stay longer than 30 days. Results Overall mortality was 3.5% (37/1071) and declined throughout the study period, from 8% (1975-1990) to 4% (1991-2000) and 1% (2001-2010). There were no differences between the extracardiac and lateral tunnel modifications for any outcome. After 2006, the extracardiac conduit was performed exclusively, with 1.3% mortality. The proportion of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome rose to 17% in the current era, and this group had more effusions (odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-6.6) and stayed on average 2 days longer in the hospital. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome was also an independent risk factor for composite adverse early outcome (death, failure, prolonged effusions, or prolonged stay >30 days; odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval 1.4-4.8 respectively). Conclusions The extracardiac conduit is now the exclusive Fontan modification performed in Australia and New Zealand. Even with a higher proportion of high-risk cases, perioperative outcomes are excellent in the modern era. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome confers a higher risk of prolonged pleural effusion and early composite adverse outcome.
Sudden Death in Childhood Cardiomyopathy Bharucha, Tara, MB, BChir; Lee, Katherine J., PhD; Daubeney, Piers E.F., DM ...
Journal of the American College of Cardiology,
06/2015, Letnik:
65, Številka:
21
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract Background Children with cardiomyopathy (CM) are at risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), but the incidence and risk factors for this outcome are not clear. Objectives This study sought to ...determine the incidence and risk factors for SCD in children with varying CM phenotypes from a long-term population-based study of childhood CM. Methods The NACCS (National Australian Childhood Cardiomyopathy Study) is an ongoing longitudinal cohort study including all children in Australia with primary CM who were diagnosed between January 1, 1987, and December 31, 1996, and were <10 years of age. The cumulative incidence and risk factors for SCD within individual CM phenotypes were explored using survival analysis. Results Of 289 eligible patients, 16 (5.5%) experienced SCD over a median follow-up of 11.9 years (interquartile range: 1.7 to 15.4). The risk of SCD varied according to CM phenotype (p = 0.007). The cumulative incidence of SCD at 15 years was 5% for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 6% for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 12% for restrictive cardiomyopathy, and 23% for left ventricular (LV) noncompaction. Older age at diagnosis, positive family history of CM, and severity of LV dysfunction were related to increased risk of SCD in patients with DCM, and a higher posterior wall thickness Z-score was the sole risk factor identified for patients with HCM. Conclusions Predictors of SCD include CM phenotype, family history of CM (DCM), severity of systolic dysfunction (DCM), and extent of LV hypertrophy (HCM). Continuing follow-up of this cohort into adulthood is likely to reveal an ongoing risk of SCD.
Twenty-Five Year Outcomes of the Lateral Tunnel Fontan Procedure Wilson, Thomas G, BSc, MD; Shi, William Y, MBBS; Iyengar, Ajay J, MBBS(Hons), BMedSci, PhD ...
Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,
2017 Autumn, Letnik:
29, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract Objective(s) To characterize late outcomes of the lateral tunnel (LT) Fontan procedure. Methods The outcomes of all patients who underwent a LT Fontan procedure in Australia and New Zealand ...were analysed. Original files were reviewed and outcomes data were obtained through a binational Registry. Results Between 1980 and 2014, a total of 301 patients underwent a LT Fontan procedure across 6 major centers. There were 13 hospital mortalities, 21 late deaths, 8 Fontan conversions/revisions, 8 Fontan takedowns and 4 heart transplantations. Overall survival at 15 and 25 years was 90% (95% confidence interval CI:86-93%) and 80% (95% CI:69-91%), respectively. Protein-losing enteropathy/plastic bronchitis was observed in 14 patients (5%). Freedom from late failure at 15 and 25 years was 88% (95% CI:84-92%) and 82% (95% CI:76-87%), respectively. Independent predictors of late Fontan failure were prolonged pleural effusions post-Fontan operation (HR 3.06,1.05-8.95, p=0.041), age >7 years at Fontan (vs. 3-5 years, HR 9.7, 2.46-38.21, p=0.001) and development of supraventricular tachycardia (4.67, 2.07-10.58, p<0.001). Freedom from tachy- or bradyarrhythmias at 10 and 20 years was 87% (95% CI:83-91%) and 72% (95% CI:66-79%), respectively. Thromboembolic events occurred in 45 patients (16%; 26 strokes), and freedom from symptomatic thromboembolism at 10 and 20 years was 93% (95% CI:89-96%) and 80% (95% CI:74-86%), respectively. Conclusions Over a twenty-five-year period, the LT technique has achieved excellent late survival. As this population ages, they are at increasing risk of failure and adverse events. We are likely to see an increasing proportion requiring heart transplantation and late reintervention.
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and warfarin for thromboprophylaxis after the Fontan procedure. Background Fontan surgery is ...the definitive palliation for children with single-ventricle physiology. Thrombosis is an important complication; the optimal thromboprophylaxis strategy has not been determined. Methods We performed a multicenter international randomized trial of primary prophylactic anticoagulation after Fontan surgery. Patients were randomized to receive for 2 years either ASA (5 mg/kg/day, no heparin phase) or warfarin (started within 24 h of heparin lead-in; target international normalized ratio: 2.0 to 3.0). Primary endpoint (intention to treat) was thrombosis, intracardiac or embolic (all events adjudicated). At 3 months and 2 years after the Fontan procedure, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms were obtained as routine surveillance. Major bleeding and death were primary adverse outcomes. Results A total of 111 eligible patients were randomized (57 to ASA, 54 to heparin/warfarin). Baseline characteristics for each group were similar. There were 2 deaths unrelated to thrombosis or bleeding. There were 13 thromboses in the heparin/warfarin group (3 clinical, 10 routine echo) and 12 thromboses in the ASA group (4 clinical, 8 routine echo). Overall freedom from thrombosis 2 years after Fontan surgery was 19%, despite thrombosis prophylaxis. Cumulative risk of thrombosis was persistent but varying and similar for both groups (p = 0.45). Major bleeding occurred in 1 patient in each group. Conclusions There was no significant difference between ASA and heparin/warfarin as primary thromboprophylaxis in the first 2 years after Fontan surgery. The thrombosis rate was suboptimal for both regimens, suggesting alternative approaches should be considered. (International Multi Centre Randomized Clinical Trial Of Anticoagulation In Children Following Fontan Procedures; NCT00182104 )
Surgical management of pulmonary artery sling in children Yong, Matthew S., BMedSci; d'Udekem, Yves, MD, PhD; Brizard, Christian P., MD ...
Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,
04/2013, Letnik:
145, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Objectives Pulmonary artery (PA) sling is a rare vascular anomaly associated with congenital tracheal stenosis. The natural history is poor and these patients often require early surgical ...intervention. We describe our experience with repair of this condition. Methods From 1984 to 2011, 21 patients with PA sling underwent repair at the Royal Children's Hospital (median age, 5.9 months). PA sling was associated with compression of the trachea in all patients. Tracheal surgery was required in 12 (57.1%) patients. All patients had an echocardiogram, and concomitant repair of coexisting cardiac anomalies was performed in 6 (28.6%, 6/21) patients. Results Operative mortality was 14.3% (3/21), occurring at 19 days, 4.4 months, and 5 months after surgery. Operative mortality for the first 10 years was 22.2% (1984-1993; 2/9), the next 10 years was 14.3% (1994-2003; 1/7), and 0% for the most recent 7 years (2004-2011; 0/5). All deaths occurred in patients requiring tracheal repair (25%, 3/12). No deaths have occurred since 2004 with introduction of the slide tracheoplasty technique. One (5.6%, 1/18) late death occurred at 8 months after repair. After tracheal repair, intervention for excessive granulations and tracheomalacia was necessary in 6 (50%, 6/12) patients. Median follow-up was 8 years (mean, 8.6 ± 6.4 years; range, 5 months to 20.6 years), and all survivors (100%, 17/17) remain asymptomatic. Conclusions Children with PA sling who do not require tracheal surgery have excellent outcomes. Mortality is determined by the need for tracheal surgery. However, with the advent of the slide tracheoplasty technique, mortality can be reduced. Survival beyond 1 year after surgery offers excellent prognosis.
Repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) in neonates remains a challenge as it is often associated with severe obstruction. We describe a large cohort of neonates who underwent ...TAPVD repair at a single institution.
From 1973 to 2008, 112 patients underwent simple TAPVD surgery during the first month of life. Data collection occurred retrospectively.
Preoperative pulmonary venous obstruction (PVO) occurred in 89 (79.5%) patients. There were 12 (10.7%) early deaths. Significant risk factors were bypass time greater than 65 minutes (p=0.014) and emergent surgery (p=0.005). Hospital mortality was unchanged throughout the 3 eras (1973 to 1988, 1989 to 1998, 1999 to 2008), despite an increase in patients with preoperative acidosis (p=0.004) and severe TAPVD obstruction (p=0.038) during the recent 10 years. There were 6 (6.25%) late deaths within 2 years of repair. Survival at 20 years was 83.4% (95% confidence interval 75 to 89). Risk factors for late death were operative weight 2.5 kg or less (p=0.004) and postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crisis (p=0.02). Reoperation for recurrent PVO was required in 13 patients (11.9%). Risk factors were operative weight 2.5 kg or less (p=0.035) and postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crisis (p=0.002). Follow-up was 96% complete and survivors (n=90) were asymptomatic at a median age of 11.7 years.
Hospital mortality remained unchanged over the 36-year period. Survival beyond 2 years offers excellent outcome. Risk factors for mortality were the preoperative clinical status, prolonged bypass time, persisting micro-obstruction, and low operative weight. A reduction in mortality will likely require development of effective medical management for patients who have peripheral PVO not amenable to surgical repair.
The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes of children undergoing repair of aortopulmonary window (APW).
We conducted a retrospective review of all children (n=43) who underwent surgical ...repair of APW between 1980 and 2013.
Median age at surgery was 40 days (range, 13 to 125). Simple APW was present in 15 of 43 patients (35%), and 28 of 43 patients (65%) patients had concomitant cardiovascular anomalies. The aorta was repaired by direct suturing in 36 patients (84%) patients and patching in 7 patients (16%). The main pulmonary artery was repaired by direct suturing in 22 patients (51%) patients and by patching in 21 (49%). Cardiopulmonary bypass was used in 42 of the 43 patients (97.7%). Single-staged repair of concomitant cardiovascular anomalies was undertaken in 26 of 28 patients (93%). Only 2 of the 28 patients (7%) underwent repair of interrupted aortic arch before APW repair. Operative mortality was 6.7% (1 of 15 patients) among patients with simple APW and 18% (5 of 28 patients) among patients with concomitant anomalies. Operative weight less than 2.5 kg was associated with mortality on univariable analysis (p=0.02). Median follow-up was 10.1 years (range, 0.17 to 24.2). There were no late deaths. Overall survival was 86% (95% confidence interval: 71.3 to 94.2) at 10 years. Freedom from reoperation was 95.3% (95% confidence interval: 86.2 to 99.9) at 10 years. At last follow-up, all patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I/II.
Survival beyond discharge from the hospital is associated with excellent outcomes.
Abstract Background Single-ventricle palliation (SVP) for children with unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (uAVSD) is thought to carry a poor prognosis, but limited data have been reported. ...Methods We performed a retrospective review of children with uAVSD who underwent SVP at a single institution. Data were obtained from medical records and correspondence with general practitioners and cardiologists. Results Between 1976 and 2016, a total of 139 patients underwent SVP for uAVSD. A neonatal palliative procedure was performed in 83.5% of these patients (116 of 139), and early mortality occurred in 11.2% (13 of 116). Ninety-four patients underwent stage II palliation, with an early mortality of 6.4% (6 of 94). Eighty patients (57.6%) underwent Fontan completion, with an early mortality of 3.8% (3 of 80). Interstage mortality was 11.7% (12 of 103) between stages I and II and 17.0% (15 of 88) between stage II and Fontan. Long-term survival was 66.5% (95% confidence interval CI, 57.9%-73.9%) at 5 years, 64.4% (95% CI, 55.5%-72.0%) at 15 years, and 57.8% (95% CI, 47.5%-66.8%) at 25 years. Survival post-Fontan was 94.9% (95% CI, 86.9%-98.0%) at 5 years, 92.0% (95% CI, 80.6%-96.8%) at 15 years, and 82.4% (95% CI, 61.5%-92.6%) at 25 years. Risk factors associated with death or transplantation were aortic atresia (hazard ratio HR, 5.3; P = .03) and hypoplastic aortic arch (HR, 2.5; P = .02). Atrioventricular valve operations were required in 31.7% of the patients (44 of 139), with 31.8% of them (14 of 44) requiring a further operation. Conclusions Children undergoing SVP for uAVSD have substantial mortality, with <60% survival at 25 years. However, survival of children who achieve Fontan completion is better than has been reported previously.
This study analyzed a protocol of neonatal rehabilitation of hypoplastic pulmonary arteries in the management of pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and major aortopulmonary ...collateral arteries (MAPCAs). Ideal management of patients with pulmonary atresia, VSD, and MAPCAs is the subject of controversy.
From June 2003 to December 2008, 25 consecutive patients were diagnosed with pulmonary atresia, VSD, and MAPCAs, and 20 were entered into a neonatal shunting regimen. The median age at the first operation was 3.6 weeks (range, 0.7 to 17 weeks). All patients underwent an initial central or modified Blalock-Taussig shunt, or both. Further preparatory procedures included 26 pulmonary artery patch reconstructions, 19 right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduits, 4 MAPCA ligations, and 4 further shunts. No patient underwent translocation of the collateral arteries.
At the latest follow-up, 12 of 20 patients have had a complete repair at a median age of 18 months (range, 11 to 48 months), 6 are awaiting repair, and 2 are considered unlikely to be repaired. No patient was missing follow-up. Median pulmonary artery indices had grown from 14.51 to 118.7 in 17 patients. Postoperative angiograms were performed at a median of 8 months (range, 1.9 to 32.7 months) in 9 of 12 completely repaired patients. The median right/left ventricular pressure ratio was 0.64 (range, 0.54 to 0.91).
Rehabilitation of hypoplastic native pulmonary arteries by a neonatal shunting regimen, without MAPCA translocation, for pulmonary atresia, VSD, and MAPCAs, provides encouraging results with excellent early survival.
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